Chapter 7 pt 2

Question 1

Fusion of membranes causes the polymerization of actin to form the _______

Answer 1

fertilization cone

Question 2

Fusion of membranes forms a _______ between the gametes and the further polymerization of actin in both cells expands this bridge allowing the sperm nucleus and tail to enter the egg cytoplasm

Answer 2

cytoplasmic bridge

Question 3

The fusion of membranes is an _______ process

Answer 3

active
- requiring energy input

Question 4

_______: The entrance of more than one sperm into the egg

Answer 4

polyspermy

Question 5

Polyspermy results in non-viability of the embryo due to the presence of too much _______ and too many _______ by the mitotic spindle due to the presence of extra centrioles

Answer 5

DNA
axis of division

Question 6

Normally in _______, the sperm contributes its haploid nucleus and centriole

Answer 6

monospermy

Question 7

The _______ of the sperm combines with the egg nucleus to form the diploid nucleus

Answer 7

nucleus

Question 8

the sperm _______ divides to form the two poles of the mitotic spindle. What happens to the egg’s _______?

Answer 8

centriole
- egg centriole is degraded

Question 9

What are the stages in the 2-stage mechanism that prevents multiple sperm entry after a single sperm has penetrated the egg?

Answer 9

1) fast block: electrical changes
2) slow block: mechanical changes

Question 10

Sperm entry triggers a rapid change in _______ within the egg

Answer 10

membrane potential
- electrical

Question 11

Prefertilization, the egg’s membrane potential is _____, right after fertilization, the membrane potential is _____. What causes this change?

Answer 11

-70mv
+20mv
(caused by influx of Na+ ions only lasts a minute)

Question 12

Sperm cannot bind to a ______ charged membrane

Answer 12

positively

Question 13

The mechanical change (slow block) to polyspermy is the _______ reaction

Answer 13

cortical granule
- occurs within 1 minute following fertilization

Question 14

Sperm entry triggers the release of _______ from the ER into the cytoplasm

Answer 14

Ca2+

Question 15

One of the effects of increased Ca2+ is stimulating thousands of _______ positioned just below the cell membrane to fuse with the membrane and release their contents into the space between the membrane and vitelline layer

Answer 15

cortical granules

Question 16

_______ cleaves protein posts that connect to vitelline envelope to the cell membrane, cleaves off bindin attaching any remaining sperm

Answer 16

Cortical Granule Serine Protease (CGSP)

Question 17

_______ increase osmotic gradient, drawing water into the space between the vitelline envelope and cell membrane. Water fills the space, forming the fertilization envelope

Answer 17

Glycosaminoglycans

Question 18

The fertilization envelop is stabilized/hardened by _______ and _______

Answer 18

1) peroxidases
2) transglutaminase

Question 19

What are the 2 types of peroxidases?

Answer 19

1) ovoperoxidase
2) Udx1

Question 20

_______: crosslinking enzymes that form covalent bonds

Answer 20

transglutaminase

Question 21

_______: a large acidic protein released by granules and forms a coating around the egg

Answer 21

hyaline
- forms hyaline layer that modifies ECM of egg

Question 22

Aequorin and Fura2/3 are _______ activated _______ that can be used to monitor intracellular changes during fertilization

Answer 22

Calcium (Ca2+) activated dyes
luminescence

Question 23

A traveling wave of Ca2+ release is _______ meaning if released in one area it causes release in adjacent areas

Answer 23

self-stimulating

Question 24

In fusion of genetic materials, the sperm contributes what? (2)

Answer 24

1) haploid nucleus
2) centriole

Question 25

_______ in the egg reduces the DNA wound up by protamines with numerous disulfide bonds

Answer 25

glutathione

Question 26

In fusion of genetic materials, the egg contributes what? (3)

Answer 26

1) haploid nucleus 2) maternal mitochondria 3) cytoplasmic determinants and organelles

Question 27

Ca2+ oscillations activated _______ which promotes DNA synthesis and _______ allowing the egg pronuclei to resume division

Answer 27

MAP kinase proteolysis of cyclins - needs deactivation of MAP kinase in order to resume cell cycle

Question 28

_______ happens independently in sperm/egg pronuclei as they approach one another

Answer 28

DNA synthesis

Question 29

_______ from male centrosome orients the 2 pronuclei and pulls them together

Answer 29

asters

Question 30

Two nuclear membranes break down, DNA does not fuse yet, but condenses into _______ attached to a common mitotic spindle - when 2 pronuclei are super close

Answer 30

chromosomes

Question 31

_______ initiates major changes to the metabolism within the egg cell, initiating the events of development

Answer 31

Union of egg/sperm

Question 32

Regarding egg metabolism: Ca2+ stimulates _______ of protein synthesis and _______ of cell cycle

Answer 32

removal of inhibition (activation) resumption

Question 33

In mammals, a soluble factor released from the sperm at its entry activates _______ that subsequently activates ________

Answer 33

tyrosine kinase Phospholipase C (PLC)

Question 34

In sea urchins, sperm proteins bind to the egg surface receptors changing their conformation, this activates _______ and then _______

Answer 34

Src (tyrosine kinase) Phospholipase C (PLC)

Question 35

What is the difference between mammal and sea urchin activation of IP3 pathway?

Answer 35

Mammals have sperm bind and use regular Tyrosine kinase (TK) Sea urchins have sperm bind to receptor, which activates Src (TK)

Question 36

Explain the IP3 pathway for Ca2+ release and Na+/H+ exchange

Answer 36

1) PLC cleaves PIP2 into IP3 and DAG 2) IP3 stimulates Ca2+ release from ER 3) DAG activates PKC which activates Na+/H+ antiporter

Question 37

_______ activates NAD+ Kinase

Answer 37

Ca2+

Question 38

NAD+ kinase converts _______ into _______

Answer 38

NAD into NADP+ - reduction

Question 39

_______ is used as a coenzyme for lipid synthesis, required for cell membrane formation

Answer 39

NADP+

Question 40

_______ burst is initially used to crosslink fertilization envelope

Answer 40

Oxygen

Question 41

The increase in _______ stimulates the resumption of protein synthesis

Answer 41

pH

Question 42

What does PIP2 stand for?

Answer 42

Phosphotidyl-inositol-4,5-bisphospate

Question 43

In mammals, fertilization occurs in the _______ of the oviduct

Answer 43

ampulla

Question 44

Large number of sperm are _______

Answer 44

heterogenous - only about 200 reach the egg

Question 45

The oocyte will not be moved into the oviduct unless supporting _______ cells are present

Answer 45

cumulus

Question 46

_______ and _______ move the oocyte-cumulus complex to the proper placement in the ampulla of the oviduct

Answer 46

cilia beating muscular contractions

Question 47

Sperm are actively transported to the ampulla by _______ of the uterus

Answer 47

muscular contractions

Question 48

Sperm are not capable of fertilizing the egg but are altered during their trek towards the egg, these changes are called _______

Answer 48

capacitation

Question 49

5 major outcomes of sperm capacitation: 1) _______ is removed from the sperm cell membrane 2) _______ are lost from the sperm cell membrane 3) membrane potential becomes more _______ 4) protein _______ 5) outer acrosomal membrane changes and comes in close contact with _______ preparing for fusion

Answer 49

1) cholesterol 2) proteins and/or carbohydrates (repressors) 3) negative (loss of K+ for Ca2+ entry) 4) phosphorylation (for signaling, heat shock proteins) 5) sperm cell membrane

Question 50

cholesterol is removed from the sperm cell membrane by female _______ proteins

Answer 50

albumin

Question 51

_______ is the enzyme that allows for protein phosphorylation needed for sperm capacitation

Answer 51

Sperm Adenylate Cyclase enzyme (SPCY)