Chapter 8 (nematodes)

Question 1

C. elegans are small (__mm), free-living (_______) soil nematode

Answer 1

1
non-parasitic

Question 2

Who was the scientist that studied C. elegans?

Answer 2

Sydney Brenner
- won nobel prize in 2002
- also know that C. elegans are super easy to study (full genome and cell lineage)

Question 3

C. Elegans are _______ and fertilization occurs within a single individual

Answer 3

hermaphrodites

Question 4

A C. elegan egg is fertilized as it roles through the _______

Answer 4

spermatheca
- contains mature sperm

Question 5

C. Elegan sperm is _______ and _______

Answer 5

round and unflagellated

Question 6

in C. Elegans, polyspermy is prevented by the rapid formation of a _______ of _______ after fertilization

Answer 6

cuticle of chitin

Question 7

in C. Elegans, the fertilized egg undergoes cleavage divisions and is extruded from the _______

Answer 7

vulva

Question 8

C. Elegan undergo _______ cleavage

Answer 8

rotational holoblastic

Question 9

each early division is asymmetrical and produces: (2)

Answer 9

1) founder cell
- anterior
2) stem cell
- posterior

Question 10

A _______ produces differentiated descendants (AB, E, MS, C, D)

Answer 10

founder cell

Question 11

A _______ always divide meridionally to produce an anterior founder cell and a posterior stem cell that will continue the stem cell lineage

Answer 11

stem cell

Question 12

Anterior-posterior axis is determined by the position of the sperm _______

Answer 12

pronucleus

Question 13

The anterior and posterior axis are determined before the _______ cell division

Answer 13

first

Question 14

the Oocyte has _______ proteins arranged in the cytoplasm that aid in A-P axis division

Answer 14

PAR proteins
(partitioning-defective)

Question 15

_______ and _______ are uniformly distributed and interact with PKC-3 protein kinase

Answer 15

PAR-3 and PAR-6

Question 16

PKC-3 phosphorylates ________ and _______, this action restricts them to the internal cytoplasm

Answer 16

PAR-1 and PAR-2

Question 17

Sperm centriole initiate cytoplasmic movements within the oocyte cytoplasm which pushes the _______ to the nearest end

Answer 17

male pronucleus
- posterior end

Question 18

Male pronucleus in the posterior end locally protect _______ from phosphorylation, allowing them into the cortex nearest the centrosome

Answer 18

PAR-2 (binded to PAR-1)

Question 19

Once PAR-1 is in the cortex cytoplasm, it phosphorylates _______ causing it and its binding partner _______ to leave the complex

Answer 19

PAR-3
PKC-3

Question 20

The metaphase plate is closer to the _______ and divides the egg into two cells with different cytoplasmic determinants

Answer 20

posterior

Question 21

In A/P axis formation, the anterior cell contains ________ and _______

Answer 21

PAR-3
PAR-6
(Founding cell)

Question 22

In A/P axis formation, the posterior cell contains ________ and _______

Answer 22

PAR-1
PAR-2
(stem cell)

Question 23

The dorsal/ventral axis is specified at the _______ division

Answer 23

2nd

Question 24

What are the 2 cells that are formed when AB divides in the 2nd division?

Answer 24

1) ABa
2) ABp

Question 25

_______ cell specifies the dorsal side (top)

Answer 25

ABp - moves over top of ABa and EMS cells

Question 26

_______ forms the muscle and gut = ventral side

Answer 26

EMS

Question 27

In dorsal/ventral axis formation, _______ on the surface of P2 binds to _______ on ABp but not on ABa since they do not touch

Answer 27

APX-1 (notch family) GLP-1 (delta homolog) - this is juxtracrine signaling

Question 28

The R/L axis is specified at the ____-cell stage

Answer 28

12

Question 29

the R/L axis is specified by asymmetric signaling by _______ which activates _______ in the cells it contacts

Answer 29

Delta Notch - mainly MS contacting ABa

Question 30

The P1 cell and its descendants (MS, E, C, D) are _______ specified by the presence of 3 transcription factors

Answer 30

autonomously

Question 31

What are the 3 transcription factors that autonomously specify P1 cell and its descendants?

Answer 31

1) SKN-1 2) PAL-1 3) PIE-1

Question 32

P1 TF _______: TF that controls the development of pharyngeal structures

Answer 32

SKN-1 - skin excess

Question 33

P1 TF _______: TF that specifies muscle development

Answer 33

PAL-1

Question 34

P1 TF _______: TF that is required for germline fate

Answer 34

PIE-1

Question 35

AB cell and its descendants are _______ specified by their interaction with P1 lineage cells

Answer 35

conditionally

Question 36

P2 cell instructs the EMS daughter closest to it to become the _______ cell, specifying the _______ from the _______

Answer 36

E Endoderm from the Mesoderm

Question 37

P2 produces a _______ paracrine signal that is received by a cell surface receptor _______, on the EMS cell

Answer 37

MOM-2 MOM-5

Question 38

In C. elegans, gastrulation starts at the _____ cell stage just after the generation of the P cell

Answer 38

26

Question 39

Daughters of the _______ migrate to the center of the embryo

Answer 39

E cell

Question 40

_____ moves through the blastopore and forms the germ line cells

Answer 40

P4

Question 41

_____ cell migrates inward and will form the mesoderm

Answer 41

MS

Question 42

Initial worm stage stretches out with 558 somatic cells, and after 4 molts the mature _____ somatic cell adult is produced

Answer 42

959