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Developmental Biology > Chapter 9 pt 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 pt 1 Flashcards

(47 cards)

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1
Q

The chief advantage of Drosophila initially was one that historians have overlooked: it was an excellent organism for _______

A

student projects
- Robert E. Kohler

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2
Q

Genus: Drosophila
Species: _______

A

melanogaster

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3
Q

Drosophila were used as a study system because they were:
1) easy to _______
2) _______ sequenced
3) large and freely available mutant _______
4) well developed exchange and sharing _______ of researchers

A

1) breed
- easily observed polytene chromosomes
2) genome
3) database
4) network

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4
Q

Drosophila undergo _______ development

A

syncytial
- karyokinesis without cytokinesis until after 13th division

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5
Q

in drosophila, A/P and D/V axis are specified _______ by interactions within the egg and between the egg and surrounding follicular nurse cells in the ovary.
(WHEN?)

A

prior to fertilization

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6
Q

in drosophila development, supporting _______ cells produce and deposit mRNA’s into the oocyte cytoplasm

A

nurse

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7
Q

In drosophila, egg activation occurs _______ the sperm contact the egg. It occurs during _______

A

before
ovulation

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8
Q

physical compression of the egg as it is laid opens Ca2+ channels allowing Ca2+ to flow in, which _______ and allows _______ before fertiliztion

A

initiates protein synthesis
egg to resume meiosis

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9
Q

What mechanism in drosophila eggs ensures monospermy?

A

micropyle
- only 1 sperm can enter at a time
- only at 1 point

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10
Q

Drosophila undergo _______ cleavage

A

meroblastic centrolecithal
- large centrally located yolk inhibits cleavage except at the rim of the egg

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11
Q

cleavage:
rapid nuclear division creates a _______

A

syncytium

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12
Q

cleavage:
During the 9th division, 5 nuclei move to the posterior pole becoming _______ that will form the _______ in the adult

A

pole cells
gametes

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13
Q

cleavage:
During the 10th division, the remaining nuclei move to the _______, where they divide ___ more times, more slowly than the 8 minute average up to this point

A

periphery
3

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14
Q

Syncytial blastoderm in cleavage:
_______: cytoskeletal components and cytoplasm that surround each nuclei

A

energid

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15
Q

Cellular blastoderm in cleavage:
After the 13th division, the plasma membrane fold _______ between the nuclei, pinching off each nuclei into a single cell

A

inward
- accompanied by dramatic changes to cytoskeleton

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16
Q

_______: When cell divisions become asynchronous and slower/variable
- where cellularization occurs

A

mid-blastula transition

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17
Q

When does mid-blastula transition occur?

A

14th division
- cellularization occurs

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18
Q

_______ is the first real point at which the zygote genome is needed

A

mid-blastula transition
aka maternal zygote transition
- they can be interchanged with each other

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19
Q

_______: when control is shifted from maternally supplied mRNA’s and proteins to the zygote genome

Study These Flashcards
A

Maternal to Zygote Transition (MZT)
- maternally supplied mRNA’s are degraded/zygotic genes are activated

20
Q

_______ is a maternally supplied RNA binding protein that represses translation

21
Q

How does Smaug repress translation?

Study These Flashcards
A

slowly translated and builds up then targets other maternal mRNA for destruction
- as more gets translated, more maternal mRNA is destroyed

22
Q

_______ is another maternally supplied mRNA that binds to CAGGTAG motif in early zygotic genes, activating transcription

23
Q

What does Zelda stand for?

Study These Flashcards
A

Zink-finger Early Drosophila Activator

24
Q

During gastrulation and segmentation what parts are formed? (shortly after cleavage)

Study These Flashcards
A

1) head
2) 3 thorax segments
3) 8 abdominal segments

25
3 thorax segments will form: 1) first: _______ 2) second: _______ 3) third: _______
1) legs only 2) legs and wings 3) legs and haltares (balancers)
26
Explain A/P formation during oogenesis
1) **Gurken mRNA** is localized between the oocyte nucleus and cell membrane and translated into **Gurken protein** 2) Terminal follicle cells translate **torpedo** gene to produce torpedo receptors to receive gurken protein 3) Terminal follicle cells **differentiate** into **posterior follicle cells** 4) gurken signal activates **PKA and Par-1** in PFC's that orient microtubules (+ growing end @ posterior) 5) **Bicoid mRNA** moved to anterior (-) end by **dynein** 6) **Oskar mRNA** moved to posterior (+) end by **kinesin I** 7) **Oskar protein** is translated and binds to **nanos mRNA**, localizing it to the posterior end as well. also recruits more **PAR-1**
27
_______ is localized between the oocyte nucleus and cell membrane where it is translated into _______
Gurken mRNA Gurken protein
28
Gurken signal is received by a receptor translated from the _______ gene
torpedo
29
Terminal follicle cells receiving the Gurken signal differentiate into _______
Posterior follicle cells (PFC)
30
The gurken signal activates _______ and _______ in posterior follicle cells that **orient microtubules** with their + (growing) end at the posterior
PKA and Par-1
31
Maternally supplied _______ binds to _______ and is moved towards the anterior (-) end of the oocyte
bicoid mRNA dynein
32
Maternally supplied _______ binds to _______ and is moved towards the posterior (+) end of the oocyte
Oskar mRNA Kinesin I
33
Oskar binds to the _______ localizing it to the posterior end as well, Oskar also recruits more _______ which stabilizes more microtubules and amplifies the signal
nanos mRNA PAR-1
34
Movement of oscar and bicoid creates a localized difference in cytoplasm contents that will eventually produce the _______ that will determine the abdomen and germ cells
pole plasm
35
Segmentation depends on the hierarchy of genes and TF's established and positioned along the _______ axis
anterior/posterior
36
What are the 5 stages of hierarchy of genes that affect segmentation?
1) maternal effect genes 2) gap genes 3) pair-rule genes 4) segment polarity genes 5) homeotic selector genes
37
_______: maternally supplied (ex bicoid and nanos)
maternal effect genes
38
_______: zygotic genes activated or repressed by bicoid and nanos
gap genes - broad 3-segment regions
39
_______: zygotic genes activated or repressed by the protein products of gap genes and maternal effects genes
pair-rule genes - produce TF in 7 focused bands
40
_______: zygotic genes activated or repressed by pair-rule gene protein products
segment polarity genes - establishes segments (14)
41
_______: zygotic genes regulated by segment polarity gene protein products
homeotic selector genes - determines the strucutres
42
Bicoid mRNA is actively transported to the anterior end of the oocyte prior to fertilization and requires interaction of its 3'-UTR with _______ and _______ to be transported
Exuperantia Swallow
43
Nanos mRNA becomes trapped at the posterior end through interactions between its 3'-UTR and 5 proteins, what are the 5 proteins?
1) Oskar 2) Staufen 3) Valois 4) Vasa 5) Tudor
44
non-trapped nanos mRNA in the cytoplasm is bound by _______ and _______ that prevent its translation through association with 3'-UTR
Smaug CUP - Oskar can break this complex up at the posterior end
45
_______ and _______ are maternally supplied and found throughout the oocyte's cytoplasm. Their translation is affected by bicoid and nanos proteins **after fertilization**
Caudal (cad) Hunchback (hb)
46
Bicoid protein inhibits _______ translation
caudal mRNA
47
Nanos protein inhibits _______ translation
hunchback mRNA

Developmental Biology (29 decks)

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