Chapter 14

Question 1

_____ means cause of disease

Answer 1

etiology

Question 2

_______ is the manner in which disease develops

Answer 2

Pathogenesis

Question 3

Structural and functional changes of infection and disease?

Answer 3

Effects on the body

Question 4

What are the three parts of pathology, which is the scientific study of disease?

Answer 4

1. Etiology
2. Pathogenesis
3. Structural and functional changes

Question 5

What are the three main principles of infection and disease?

Answer 5

Pathology, Infection, and Disease

Question 6

_____: invasion or colonization of the body by pathogen microbes

Answer 6

Infection

Question 7

______: infection results in any change from a state of health

Answer 7

Disease

Question 8

Difference between disease and infection?

Answer 8

Infection is a colonization of microbes in the body and a disease is when infection results in any change from a state of health

Question 9

Examples of disease?

Answer 9

HIV

Question 10

______: microbial communities that live on or in the human body

Answer 10

Micriobiomes

Question 11

When do normal microbiome populations begin to establish themselves?

Answer 11

Before birth…in utero

Question 12

How long does the human microbiome last?

Answer 12

For life

Question 13

How do you acquire more microbes

Answer 13

From food, people, and pets

Question 14

What is the human microbiome project?

Answer 14

Analyzes relationships between microbiol communities on the body and human health

Question 15

_____ _____ permanently colonize the host and do not cause disease under normal circumstances

Answer 15

Normal microbiota

Question 16

______ microbiota may be present for days, weeks, or months

Answer 16

Transient

Question 17

What are the four main factors that affect distribution and composition of normal microbiota?

Answer 17

1. Nutrients
2. Physical and chemical factors
3. Host defenses
4. Mechanical factors

Question 18

Name the factor that affects the distribution and composition of normal microbiota “Dead cells, body fluids, excretory products”

Answer 18

Nutrients

Question 19

Name the factor that affects the distribution and composition of normal microbiota “temperature, pH, O2, and CO2”

Answer 19

Physical and chemical factors

Question 20

Name the factor that affects the distribution and composition of normal microbiota “Immune system. Hygiene hypothesis”

Answer 20

Host defenses

Question 21

Name the factor that affects the distribution and composition of normal microbiota “Chewing, gastrointestinal tract, urine, resp. system”

Answer 21

Mechanical factors

Question 22

What is microbial antagonism? What is the other name for it?

Answer 22

Competition between microbes. Also known as competitive exclusion

Question 23

How does normal microbiota protect the host?

Answer 23

1. Competing for nutrients
2. Producing substances harmful to invading microbes
3. Affecting pH and available oxygen

Question 24

“competing for nutrients” is an example of what?

Answer 24

An example of how normal microbiota protect the host

Question 25

"Producing substances harmful to invading microbes" is an example of what?

Answer 25

An example of how normal microbiota protect the host

Question 26

"Affecting pH and available oxygen"

Answer 26

An example of how normal microbiota protect the host

Question 27

Examples given for microbial antagonism

Answer 27

Candida albicans. E. Coli producing bacteriocins, and clostridium difficile

Question 28

What are the three sub sections of Symbiosis?

Answer 28

1. Commensalism 2. Mutalism 3. Parasitism

Question 29

______ is the relationship between normal microbiota and the host

Answer 29

Symbiosis

Question 30

What is commensalism

Answer 30

One organism benefits, and the other is unaffected

Question 31

What is mutalism?

Answer 31

Both organism benefit

Question 32

What is parasitism?

Answer 32

One organism benefits at the expense of the other

Question 33

What are opportunistic pathogens?

Answer 33

They do not cause disease in their normal habitat in a healthy person, but may do so in a different environment

Question 34

What is the main example of opportunistic pathogens?

Answer 34

E. coli

Question 35

Echo viruses and adenoviruses, like streptococcus pneumonia, are examples of what?

Answer 35

Opportunistic pathogens

Question 36

"Do not cause disease in their normal habitat in a healthy person but may do so in a different environment" This is describing...

Answer 36

Opportunistic pathogens

Question 37

E. coli does not cause disease in the ____ _____ but causes UTI's, pulmonary infections, meningitis, and can cause abscesses

Answer 37

Large intestine

Question 38

Which opportunistic pathogen causes pulmonary infections

Answer 38

E. Coli

Question 39

Which opportunistic pathogen causes meningitis in the spinal cord?

Answer 39

E. Coli

Question 40

If the host is already weakened or compromised by an infection, and Pneumocytosis occurs....which opportunistic pathogen is more than likely responsible?

Answer 40

AIDS

Question 41

Which diseases from the power point are listed as well known?

Answer 41

Polio, lyme disease, and tuberculosis

Question 42

Which diseases from the power point are listed as not completely understood?

Answer 42

Viruses, and cancer

Question 43

Which diseases from the power point are listed as unknown?

Answer 43

Just Alzheimers

Question 44

Not all diseases are caused by ______

Answer 44

microbes

Question 45

What did Robert Koch do?

Answer 45

He demonstrated that certain bacteria were ALWAYS present in the blood of animals that had the disease, but not present in healthy individuals.

Question 46

Robert Koch is noted for which theory?

Answer 46

Germ theory of disease

Question 47

How many postulates did Koch list?

Answer 47

four

Question 48

Per Koch's postulates, The same pathogen must be present in what?

Answer 48

The same pathogen must be present in EVERY case of the disease

Question 49

Per Koch's postulates, The pathogen must be isolated from...

Answer 49

The pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture

Question 50

Per Koch's postulates, the pathogen from the pure culture must....

Answer 50

The pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when it's inoculated into a healthy, susceptible laboratory animal