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Microbiology > Chapter 3-4 > Flashcards

Chapter 3-4 Flashcards

1
Q

1,000 nm = ____um

A

1

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2
Q

_____ is how big an image is displayed whereas ______ is the ability to distinguish fine detail

A

Magnification vs resolution

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3
Q

The bright field is:

A

A dark object on a bright background. Can add color with stains

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4
Q

Dark field:

A

A bright object on a dark background. No artificial color to view live cells

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5
Q

______ microscopy: utilizes antibodies

A

Florescence

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6
Q

With _____ _____, the cell is stained with fluorescent dyes called fluorochromes

A

florescence microscopy

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7
Q

Ocular lens times the objective lens =

A

Total magnification

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8
Q

What is the best resolution for light microscopes?

A

200nm

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9
Q

What is the practical limit for unaided eye?

A

20um

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10
Q

What is electron microscopy?

A

The use of waves of electrons instead of visible light

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11
Q

Using _____ means shorter wavelength waves than visible light

A

electrons

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12
Q

With ______ microscopy, you can magnify greater with smaller resolution

A

electron

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13
Q

What are the cons of electron microscopy?

A
  1. Must be performed in a vacuum
  2. Distorts blurred image of cell
  3. can only use dead cells
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14
Q

What is SEM? What does it stand for

A

Scanning electron microscopy. A sample is covered in a thin layer of gold. Produces a superficial image of surface structures

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15
Q

What are the advantages of SEM?

A

Magnification is up to 10,000x. Resolution is down to 10nm

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16
Q

What is TEM? What does it stand for?

A

Transmission electron microscopy. Used to study the interior of cells. Cell is sliced in 3 thin sections. Sections are covered with heavy metals

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17
Q

Advantages of TEM?

A

Magnification is up to 100,000x. Resolution is 10 pickometers.

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18
Q

Rods are called _____

A

Bacillus

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19
Q

Spheres are called ____

A

coccus

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20
Q

Spirals are:

A

Cell with one or more twists

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21
Q

Cell that takes on many shapes is called _______

A

pleomorphic

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22
Q

Cell that always has one shape _______

A

monomorphic

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23
Q

Diplo is to be in ___

A

pairs (diplococci)

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24
Q

Strepto is _____

A

chainlike (streptococci)

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25
Staphylo are _____
clusters (staphylococci)
26
The different spiral types are _____, _____, and _____
vibrio, spirillum, and spirochete
27
The spiral type _____ are curved rods
vibrio
28
The spiral type _____ are rigid corkscrew
spirillum
29
The spiral type _____ are helical and flexible
spirochete
30
The external cell membrane of prokaryotic cell walls have a _____ structure that set cell shape
rigid
31
The prokaryotic cell wall is a carbohydrate called what?
Peptidoglycan
32
The peptidoglycan is composed of what 2 alternating sugar groups
NAM(N-acetylmuramic) and NAG (N-acetylglucosamine)
33
Acetylmuramic is also called _____
NAM
34
Acetylglucosamine is also called ____
NAG
35
______: an enzyme that catalyzes the destruction of the cell walls of certain bacteria
Lysozyme
36
Gram _____ cell walls produce only a thin cell wall
Negative
37
Gram _____ cell walls produces two plasma membranes
negative
38
Gram _____ cell walls have a space between the membranes called the periplasmic space
Negative
39
Which gram has a space between the membranes called the periplasmic space?
Gram negative
40
With Gram _____ cell walls, the outer membrane consists of lipopolysaccharide
negative
41
Gram _____ have very fragile cells
negative
42
Gram _____ are more common in moist, protective environments
Negative
43
Gram _____ are more resistant to immunity and chemcials
negative
44
Gram _____ cell walls have a single plasma membrane
positive
45
Gram _____ cell walls produce a thick layer of teichoic acid
+
46
Gram _____ are more stable cells
+
47
Gram _____ have open exposed environments
+
48
Gram _____ cell walls are toxin producers
+
49
______ are specialized "resting" cells
endospores
50
_____ form when essential nutrients are depleted
endospores
51
True _____ are found in gram positive bacteria
endospores
52
______ can survive extreme heat, lack of water, and exposure to chemicals
endospores
53
______: endospore formation
sporulation
54
______ is when the endospore returns to vegetative state
Germination
55
_____ has no cell walls and is the smallest known bacteria to grow and reproduce outside living host cells
Mycoplasma
56
______: the plasma membranes have lipids called sterols
Mycoplasma
57
_______ have acid-fast cell walls
mycobacterium
58
The acid-fast cell walls of ______ are a waxy lipid (mycolic acid) bound to the peptidoglycan
mycobacterium
59
You can stain mycobacterium with _______
carbolfuchsin
60
______ is an external prokaryotic cell structure. Substances that surround cells.
Glycocalyx
61
______ is a viscous, gelatinous polymer. External to cell wall. Made of polysaccharides and/or polypeptides
Glycocalyx
62
What are the three types of glycocalyx
Capsule, slime layer, and extracellular polymeric substance(EPS), which helps form biofilms
63
Glycocalyx contributes to _______
virulence
64
The glycocalyx contributes to virulence because the ______ protects pathogenic bacteria from phagocytosis
capsule
65
The glycocalyx contributes to virulence because of the ____ (biofilm importance)
EPS (extracellular polymeric substance)
66
_____ is an external prokaryotic cell structure that is a long filament used for motility
Flagella
67
What are the three parts of the flagella?
Filament, hook, and basal body
68
The ____ ___ of flagella consist of rods and pairs of rings; anchors flagellum to the cell wall and membrane
basal body
69
Peritrichous flagella:
Flagella all over body
70
Monotrichous and polar
One flagellum
71
Lophotrichous and polar
Many flagella
72
Amphitrichous and polar
flagellum from both ends
73
Flagella proteins are H antigens and distinguish among _____
serovars
74
_____ ______: are bundles of fibrils that arise at the ends of the cell beneath an outer sheath and spiral around the cell. External prokaryotic structure.
Axial filaments
75
Axial filaments are also called____
endoflagella
76
Axial filaments are found in ______
spirochetes
77
Are axial filaments anchored at both ends of cell?
Only one end

Microbiology (14 decks)

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