Chapter 18 Practical applications

Question 1

A ______ is a suspension of organisms or fractions of organisms used to induce immunity

Answer 1

vaccine

Question 2

What is the most desirable method of disease control?

Answer 2

Vaccines

Question 3

_____ prevent targeted disease from ever occuring

Answer 3

vaccines

Question 4

Are vaccines the only feasible method of controlling viral disease?

Answer 4

Yes

Question 5

What is immunity?

Answer 5

Ability of an organism to resist a particular infection or toxin

Question 6

____ is the resistance to the spread of a contagious disease within a population that results if a sufficiently high proportion of individuals are immune to the disease, especially through vaccination.

Answer 6

Herd immunity

Question 7

What are the four sub-types of vaccines?

Answer 7

1. Live attenuated Vax
2. Killed vaccines
3. Subunit vaccines
4. DNA vaccines

Question 8

LAV are prepared using….

Answer 8

a living pathogen with reduced virulence

Question 9

What does attenuation mean?

Answer 9

Deliberate weakening

Question 10

How do you attenuate LAV’s?

Answer 10

Extended period of maintaining the virus in a cell culture leads to attenuation

Question 11

Pros of LAV’s?

Answer 11

1. Closely mimics actual infection
2. Pathogen reproduces in host, including humoral and cellular immunity
3. Lifelong immunity (95% effectiveness rate)

Question 12

Cons of LAV’s?

Answer 12

1. Might mutate to more pathogenic form

2. Not good for compromised or weak immune systems

Question 13

____ ____ vaccines use whole microbes that have been killed

Answer 13

Inactivated killed vaccines

Question 14

What two chemicals are used to kill the microbes for killed vaccines?

Answer 14

Formalin and phenol

Question 15

____ ____ vaccines are kept intact so immune system can recognize

Answer 15

Inactivated killed vaccines

Question 16

____ ____ vaccines destroy pathogen’s ability to replicate

Answer 16

Inactivated killed vaccines

Question 17

What are the three examples of killed vaccines used in the power point?

Answer 17

Rabies, influenza, and polio

Question 18

Pro of killed vaccines?

Answer 18

Considered safer than live vaccines

Question 19

Cons of killed vaccines?

Answer 19

Risk of incomplete activation (needs repeated booster doses)

2. Only induces humoral immunity

Question 20

_____ vaccines contain only selected antigenic fragments

Answer 20

Subunit

Question 21

_____ ____ have bacteria or viral components

Answer 21

Subunit vaccines

Question 22

_______ _____: genetically modified non-pathogenic microbes to produce the desired antigenic fraction

Answer 22

Recombinant vaccines

Question 23

Example of recombinant vaccine?

Answer 23

Hepatitis B vaccine: viral protein coat on modified yeast

Question 24

Pro of recombinant vaccine?

Answer 24

Avoids the need to use viral host cells

Question 25

What are the three types of subunit vaccines?

Answer 25

1. Conjugated 2. Toxoids 3. Virus-like particle vaccines

Question 26

______ vaccines were recently developed for children's poor immune response to vaccines based on capsular polysaccharides

Answer 26

Conjugated

Question 27

______ vaccines contain inactivated toxins produced by a pathogen eliciting an antibody response against toxin

Answer 27

Toxoid

Question 28

Conjugated vaccines were recently developed for?

Answer 28

For children's poor immune responses to vaccines based on capsular polysaccharides

Question 29

Tetanus, Diphtheria, and acellular pertussis are all _____ (sub unit) vaccines

Answer 29

toxoid

Question 30

Example of conjugated vaccine?

Answer 30

Hib haemophilus influenzae type B

Question 31

Which vaccines need boosters every 10 years to maintain full immunity?

Answer 31

Tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis

Question 32

With _____ vaccines, 2 components link together to create a stronger immune response

Answer 32

conjugated

Question 33

Which subunit vaccine does not contain any viral genetic material (resemble intact viruses)

Answer 33

Virus-like particles

Question 34

_____ vaccines combine polysaccharide + diphtheria proteins or tetanus toxoid

Answer 34

Conjugated

Question 35

Example of virus-like particle subunit vaccine?

Answer 35

Human papilloma vaccine

Question 36

Which vaccine has viral proteins produced on modified yeast where the proteins assemble themselves into a VLP?

Answer 36

Human papilloma

Question 37

What are the two types of DNA vaccines?

Answer 37

Nucleic Acid and Recombinant vector

Question 38

___ ____ vaccines are the newest

Answer 38

Nucleic Acid vaccines

Question 39

Pros of nucleic acid vaccines?

Answer 39

Still recognized as foreign; stimulates both humoral and cellular immunity

Question 40

This vaccine is naked or encapsulated DNA that encodes from specific protein antigens

Answer 40

Nucleic Acid vaccines

Question 41

With this vaccine, avirulent viruses or bacteria is used as delivery systems (or vectors)

Answer 41

Recombinant vector

Question 42

With ____ ___ vaccines, the receiving cell will synthesize the protein

Answer 42

Nucleic acid

Question 43

"Genetically modified: protein antigen" goes with:

Answer 43

Recombinant vector vaccines

Question 44

Which vaccines are considered recombinant vector?

Answer 44

HIV, influenza, Hep C, ebola vaccine (expresses gylcoprotein from zaire strain)

Question 45

How effective are DNA recombinant vector vaccines

Answer 45

70-100%

Question 46

"Blood protein produced in response to a specific antigen" goes with:

Answer 46

Antibody

Question 47

The study and use of antibodies is:

Answer 47

Serology

Question 48

Can antibodies be seen directly?

Answer 48

No, fuzzy at 100,000x

Question 49

_____ _____ are from a single hybridoma clone

Answer 49

Monoclonal antibodies

Question 50

____ _____ are a combination of "immortal" cancerous B cells + antibody producing normal B cell

Answer 50

Monoclonal antibodies

Question 51

______: produces antibody characteristics indefinitely

Answer 51

Hybridoma

Question 52

How many types are approved for human therapy?

Answer 52

62

Question 53

Example of approved MABS?

Answer 53

Multiple sclerosis, crowns disease, cancer, arthritis, asthma

Question 54

What is molecular mimicry?

Answer 54

When two very different antigens share a common epitope

Question 55

With ___ _____, antibody binds to antigen it was made against (and to the other antigen as well)

Answer 55

molecular mimicry