Chapter 14 Flashcards by VIDAL DIAZ

What depends on police supervisors who lead their lives and manage their relationships around values and ethics?

Trust

Community-oriented policing services

Problem-oriented policing

Mission

Community-oriented policing services

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What do police supervisors who lead their lives and manage their relationships around values and ethics do?

They see and believe in a mission that is devoted to serving and helping their customers

They exercise self-discipline and are not afraid of hard work

They know how and where to allocate their time

All of the above

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What depends on police leaders who can convert COPS into operational reality?

The community

The officers

Problem-oriented policing

The goals of a vision/mission statement

Problem-oriented policing

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What is the action and performance of COPS?

Problem-oriented policing

An operational reality

Community participation

All of the above

Problem-oriented policing

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_____ gives us a destination, while _____ provides a path to get there.

POP / COPS

COPS / POP

Leaders / COPS

Community / POP

COPS / POP

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What are the basic elements of COPS and POP?

Officer’s knowledgeable of the community values of the area they serve

Citizen participation

Police officer - citizen communication

All of the above

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What was the purpose of federally funded police-community relations models that sprang up throughout the country?

Encourage communication, promote mutual support, and bring police officers closer to the community

Promote communication with the community, encourage mutual support, and allow officers to work with the community

Experience success through community relations while making the police agencies stronger from within

By providing positive examples of community relations, allow the agencies to communicate better with the citizens, and to build team cohesiveness

Encourage communication, promote mutual support, and bring police officers closer to the community

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What was burdened by a lack of documented successes and failures?

Community-oriented policing programs

Problem-oriented policing programs

Early team-policing programs

All of the above

Early team-policing programs

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Agencies with team policing were not aware that the elements of team policing would prove to be incompatible with what other elements?

COPS and POP

Preventive patrol and rapid response to calls for service

Quality and quantity of calls being handled

Federally funded team-policing programs

Preventive patrol and rapid response to calls for service

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Who instituted a program in the early 1970s and was considered to be the showcase of federally funded team-policing programs?

Holyoke Police Department

Pennsylvania State Police Department

UCLA and Duke Universities

Karl Wallenda

Holyoke Police Department

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What did the team, in 1970, focus on?

Human relations and language

Traditional cultures of those residing in certain wards

Routine police function

All of the above

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Why is there a greater need today for COPS?

Immigration

Police and citizens do not share common beliefs

The well-being is not understood to be driven by mutual
respect

All of the above

and….
“burgeoning immigration of different races and cultures, clustering together in crowded, often sub-standard housing areas, where the police and citizens do not share common beliefs, know or trust one another, or even speak a common language, and where it is not understood that the well-being of each one is driven by mutual respect and engagement from the other.”

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What tactics does crime fighting rely on?

Performance measurements and technology

Patrol and rapid response to calls for service

Follow-up investigation of crimes

All of the above

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How was the police focus on serious crime sharpened?

Developing forensic technology

Screening calls for service

Targeting patrol

All of the above

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Why have the crime fighting tactics been bashed within and outside policing?

For not decreasing the crime statistics

For being proactive rather than reactive

For being reactive rather than proactive

For lack of participation

For being reactive rather than proactive

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Which is a merit of reactive tactics?

They do not develop the sorts of relationships with citizens that could bias their responses to crime incidents

Covert surveillance

The use of criminal informants

All of the above

They do not develop the sorts of relationships with citizens that could bias their responses to crime incidents

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What has been created as a proactive tactic to deal with crimes in drug dealing, organized crime, and large-scale crowd disobedience?

Police keep their distance from the community and thereby retain their impartiality

Specialized units that rely on informants

Responding quickly to calls for service

All of the above

Specialized units that rely on informants

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What do specialized units rely on?

Informants

Covert surveillance

Undercover investigations

All of the above

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What was created in the area of juvenile offenses?

Athletic leagues and they formed partnerships with schools to deal with drug abuse, gang activity, and truancy

Specialized units focusing on juveniles

Law enforcement within the school districts

All of the above

Athletic leagues and they formed partnerships with schools to deal with drug abuse, gang activity, and truancy

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How is improved crime control achieved?

By being more proactive

By having more community involvement

By building self defense capabilities within the community itself

By going where crimes have occurred and when citizens have summoned them

By building self defense capabilities within the community itself

and…
“-diagnosing and focusing on problems in the specific community that produces specific crimes
-implementing real-time, anticipatory COMPSTAT technology.”

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What would enable the police to leverage the resources of citizen groups and other public agencies to control crime?

Utilizing existing tactics

If the police increase the quantity and quality of their contact with citizens

By showing a more rapid response to calls for service

The crime rate statistics show a drop in the crime rate

If the police increase the quantity and quality of their contact with citizens

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If officers are taken from patrol and detective units to do problem-oriented or community-oriented policing, when will response times shorten?

When the problem-solving efforts decrease the demands for service by removing the problem that is producing the calls for service

Response times will not shorten, they will increase

When they are able to remove what is causing the problem in the community

When they have more resources to increase police response

When the problem-solving efforts decrease the demands for service by removing the problem that is producing the calls for service

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Why are longer response times perceived as indicating a loss in crime-fighting bottom-line statistics?

The department values rapid response to crime calls

The community values rapid response to crime calls

The department and the community value rapid response to crime calls

The public and the police value rapid response to crime calls

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What is COPS primarily a matter of?

Decentralization and initiative

Philosophy, leadership style, and decentralization

Philosophy, leadership style, and structure

Decentralization, leadership style, and structure

Philosophy, leadership style, and structure

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What does COPS require? Transition Initiative Decentralization Structure

Decentralization

What does COPS depend on? Initiative Decentralization Structure Transition

Initiative

The emphasis of COPS is changed from the police’s enforcing laws and making arrests to what? The protection of life and of property Forming a proactive partnership with the community to solve problems The transition from traditional policing to the community directing police where to focus All of the above

Forming a proactive partnership with the community to solve problems

What are mission statements revised to reflect? Initiative Structure Transition Decentralization

Transition

What does COPS hinge on? A need for money A need for internal transformation and community support A need for employees A need for the community striving for law and order

A need for internal transformation and community support

What is the traditional view of a police department strategy? The police department is the key defense against disorder and crime A major source of strength for maintaining the quality of life is with community involvement Police should partner with the community Provide communities with sufficient information

The police department is the key defense against disorder and crime

What is the COPS strategy? Citizens should leave control of crime and maintenance of order to police Police are a communities front-line answer to crime and disorder Police should move into a community aggressively Police should partner with the community’s ability to create safe neighborhoods

Police should partner with the community’s ability to create safe neighborhoods

Who is the first line of defense in a neighborhood? Police Citizens Community and police Security systems

Citizens

What must law enforcement first provide communities with? Feeling of security Trust Sufficient information Cooperation

Sufficient information

How long does COPS require before significant results can be measured? One to three years Three to five years Five to ten years There is no time limit. It is determined by the amount of community involvement

Three to five years

Who does COPS benefit? Community Community and police The department Everyone

Community and police

How does COPS benefit the community? Customized police service Greater citizen support Better internal relationships Shared responsibility

Customized police service ``` and... "-a commitment to crime prevention -public scrutiny of police operations -accountability to the public -community organization" ```

What is almost certain to gain the citizens’ appreciation about the complexity of police operations? Providing sufficient information Officers being accountable to the public When a community’s respect for police increases so does their support Public scrutiny of police operations

Public scrutiny of police operations

With COPS, who are officers more accountable to? Their supervisors Each other The public Themselves

The public

Why will officers increase their responsiveness to neighborhood problems? COPS strives to prevent crime and disorder The respect and support for the police will increase Officers are able to resolve issues within a reasonable amount of time Police services will be localized

Police services will be localized

What has a significant bearing on the success of police efforts to evaluate neighborhood problems? As partnerships are formed, the two groups will be better equipped to work together The degree to which the community is involved Whether or not the community trust the police department If the citizens feel connected to the police

The degree to which the community is involved

How does COPS benefit police? Greater citizen support Customized police service Community organization A commitment to crime prevention

Greater citizen support ``` and... "-shared responsibility -greater job satisfaction -better internal relationships -support for organizational change" ```

What increases as people’s knowledge of police work increases? Their respect and support for the police The number of arrest in the neighborhood Better internal relationships Greater job satisfaction

Their respect and support for the police

Why do police have a greater job satisfaction with COPS? There is more community involvement Citizens develop a greater sense of shared responsibility Officers are able to resolve issues within a reasonable amount of time Police are more connected to the citizens

Officers are able to resolve issues within a reasonable amount of time

How is the “silo” affect reduced? Assesses current responses COPS focuses on system-wide problem-solving and accountability Officer are more accountable to the public All of the above

COPS focuses on system-wide problem-solving and accountability

Which is an advantage of Citizen Police Academies? CPAs give people a conduit to interact positively with police CPAs give citizens a working knowledge of a police department’s mission, operation, policies, personnel, and challenges CPAs help to grow a relationship of trust and cooperation between the police and citizens All of the above

All of the above

What emphasizes the value of being able to methodically diagnose the continuing issues that reside behind the incidents that are reported to police employees and then to design and implement customized solutions to those issues? COP POP Traditional policing Early team-policing

POP

How does Herman Goldstein define a police department as practicing POP? Evaluates the effectiveness of solutions Supports for organizational changes Takes a reactive response to problems within the community All of the above

Evaluates the effectiveness of solutions and... "-identifies substantive community problems -inquires systematically into their nature -analyzes community interest and special interest in each problem -assesses current responses -conducts an uninhibited search for tailor-made solutions -takes initiative in implementing solutions"

What is the department not engaging when the sole police response to a community problem is to stop the behavior of the current troublemakers? COP POP Traditional policing Early team-policing

POP

How are police agencies driven? Incident - driven Problem - driven A combination of incident-driven and problem-driven By their vision and mission statement

A combination of incident-driven and problem-driven

What are characteristics of being incident-driven? Reactive Rely on limited information gathered mostly from victims, witnesses, and suspects and on statistics to measure performance Primary means of handling incidents is to invoke the criminal justice process All of the above

All of the above

What does being incident-driven mean? Aimed at singular incidents or problems Aimed at group incidents or problems Attempting to control crimes by means other than arrests All of the above

Aimed at singular incidents or problems

What are the exceptions to incident-driven agencies? Disturbances in progress Traffic violations Crime prevention and narcotics investigations All of the above

Crime prevention and narcotics investigations

What is often the key to resolution in incident-driven agencies? Making numerous arrests Visibility Communication Threat of enforcing the law

Threat of enforcing the law

How does the practice of POP seek to improve on other professional crime-fighting strategies? Searching for predatory offenders By ensuring the strategies are compatible and not confrontational By adding proactivity and imagination All of the above

By adding proactivity and imagination

What assumption does POP make about crimes? The superficial symptoms of crime are avoided They could be caused by ongoing and underlying problems in a community The real causes of crime are fervently pursued All of the above

They could be caused by ongoing and underlying problems in a community

In POP, what is galvanized as a crime-fighting tool? Applied imagination of police employees Proactivity of police employees Information received from the community The trust placed into the police by the community

Applied imagination of police employees

What are essential steps in POP? Problem identification and problem definition Applied imagination and proactivity of police employees Providing the community with sufficient information All of the above

Problem identification and problem definition

With problem-driven perspectives, what can police use for mediating disputes? Imagination Communication Negotiating and conflict-resolving skills All of the above

Negotiating and conflict-resolving skills

In problem-driven departments, what does problem solving depend on? Negotiating and conflict-resolving skills Initiative and skills Communication skills Knowledge about the community

Initiative and skills

Why must an agency become agile and empower its employees? POP depends on the imagination of the police employee POP depends on the negotiating and conflict-resolving skills of the police employees POP depends on the proactivity of the police employees POP depends on the individual initiative of the police employees

POP depends on the individual initiative of the police employees

What does POP place first? Effectiveness Efficiency Initiative Imagination

Effectiveness

Why should agencies use POP? Lack of success Reaction Culture All of the above

All of the above ``` and... "-efficiency has been inefficient -scarce resources -community partnership -brainpower -expanded mission" ```

What has not proved itself effective in crime control? Incident-driven Problem-driven Professional crime-fighting strategy All of the above

Professional crime-fighting strategy

In POP, who is expected to prevent or reduce community problems? Citizens Each police employee The supervisor All of the above

Each police employee

What relationship is POP based on? Police-public Officer-supervisor Police-suspect The neighbors of the community

Police-public

1. Whose thinking does POP depend on? a. Officer b. Citizens c. The team d. Everyone

d.Everyone

1. On what premise does POP operate? a. Good ideas come from the top b. Good ideas come from the bottom c. Good ideas come from the community d. Good ideas come from anyone

d.Good ideas come from anyone

1. What is the POP culture keyed to? a. Efficiency b. Effectiveness c. Response time d. Calls for service

b.Effectiveness

1. In POP, who must understand and appreciate what the police are accountable for doing? a. Police employee and the department b. The policy makers c. The community d. All of the above

d.All of the above

1. Which are signposts that serve as a beacon for a successful POP program? a. It must be capable of being transferred to other law enforcement agencies b. It must encourage police employees to cooperate with members of other public and private agencies to design action plans c. It must involve all department members d. All of the above

d.All of the above and.... "It must guarantee the use of a wide variety of data sources. It must be an integral part of police operations, without creating special unit or requiring additional resources."

1. What does SARA stand for? a. Scanning, analysis, response, and assessment b. Service, analyze, report, and assessment c. Scan, analyze, report, and assess d. Scanning, analysis, reaction, and assessment

a.Scanning, analysis, response, and assessment

1. Who designed and tested SARA? a. Massachusetts Police Department and Duke University b. Police Executive Research Forum and the Newport News Police Department c. Virginia Police Department d. Police Executive Research Forum and Massachusetts Police Department

b.Police Executive Research Forum and the Newport News Police Department

1. What are the three phases of POP? a. Focus on substantive problems, problem identification, and approaches b. Problem identification, problem analysis, and setting up a system c. Problem identification, problem analysis, and approaches d. Effectiveness first, problem identification, and problem analysis

``` c. Phase A: Problem identification Steps 1-3 Phase B: problem analysis Steps 4-7 Phase C: approaches Steps 8-11 ```

1. What are the steps of problem identification(Phase A)? a. Grouping incidents as problems, focus on substantive problems, and effectiveness first b. Focus on substantive problems, setting up a system, and redefining problems c. Problem analysis, approaches, and legal intervention d. Grouping incidents as problems, effectiveness first, and redefining problems

a. 1. Grouping incidents as problems 2. Focus on substantive problems 3. Effectiveness first Phase A is steps 1-3

1. What is problem identification similar to? a. Problem analysis b. Effective analysis c. Internal management d. Strategic planning

d.Strategic planning

1. What is the first component of POP? a. Strategic planning b. Move beyond just incident handling c. Problem solving d. Probing for connections

b.Move beyond just incident handling

1. Which problems are substantive problems? a. Recurring problems b. Problems that justify establishing a police agency in the first place c. Poor training d. All of the above

d.All of the above

1. What habit is hard to break? a. Malingering officers b. Low pay c. Internal management d. All of the above

d.All of the above

1. What is effectiveness defining for a specific agency, in a particular community? a. What ought to be tackled and in what order of priority b. What a leader is responsible for c. Getting results - making something stop or go away d. Statistics that reveal a reduced increase in crime rates over the last year

a.What ought to be tackled and in what order of priority

1. What does an analysis of problems include? a. Scientific rules b. Types of information c. Source of information d. All of the above

d.All of the above

1. Who is likely to be the best resource for deciding what kinds of information are needed to solve the problem? a. Strengths-based leaders b. Those who identified the problem in the first place c. The community where the problem is occurring d. The officer

b.Those who identified the problem in the first place

1. What can the sources of information include? a. Victims and perpetrators b. Existing literature and police files c. Community and other agencies d. All of the above

d.All of the above and... "knowledge of line employees"

1. What should a POP report adhere to? a. The circumstances in the officer’s view b. An objective opinion c. The facts d. Reason and logic

c.The facts

1. What does systematic analysis include? a. Police files and existing literature b. Knowledge of line employees c. Telephone questionnaire d. Other agencies

c.Telephone questionnaire"and individual surveys of those who might know something about the problem" and... "literature searches of government and private-sector repositories."

1. What makes or breaks a POP program? a. Deciding what is working now b. Problem definition c. Setting up a system d. Evaluation and feedback

b.Problem definition

1. What ultimately determines how we go after a problem? a. Interagency cooperation b. Increased or expanded regulations c. The problem analysis d. How we perceive and label a problem

d.How we perceive and label a problem

1. What is an effective way of constructing a response to a problem? a. To determine who is or ought to be interested in criminal activity b. For the police to develop a successful plan to deal with the problem c. Conflict management d. Redefining the problem

a.To determine who is or ought to be interested in criminal activity

1. Who frequently has the answers to the problem? a. Management b. Community c. Officers d. All of the above

c.Officers

1. What is one of POP’s major strengths? a. Process of making “public” public information b. “If it ain’t broke, don’t fix it” c. Finding out who is interested in the problem d. Community involvement

b.“If it ain’t broke, don’t fix it”

1. Which is a group of an optional approach? a. Defensible space b. Decision visibility c. Evaluation and feedback d. All of the above

a.Defensible space ``` and... "-frequent offenders -interagency cooperation -conflict management -process of making 'public' public information -galvanizing of citizens -existing controls -increased or expanded regulations -legal intervention" ```

Who should be targeted when attacking the problem? a. Community b. Victim c. Frequent offenders d. The problem area

c.Frequent offenders

1. Which group of the optional approaches uses mediation and negotiation? a. Conflict management b. Interagency cooperation c. Existing controls d. Decision visibility

a.Conflict management

1. Which group is underused but a potentially highly potent problem-solving tool? a. Increased or expanded regulation b. Process of making “public” public information c. Legal intervention d. Interagency cooperation

b.Process of making “public” public information

1. What are some of the uses of making “public” public information? a. To educate people about their rights and responsibilities as citizens b. To indicate what the police can and cannot do c. To help people solve their own problems d. All of the above

d.All of the above

1. Where do authority figures deploy their influence? a. Defensible space b. Existing controls c. Legal intervention d. Conflict management

b.Existing controls

1. What is an example of authority figures deploying influence? a. Apartment manager - renter b. Teacher - principal c. Community - offender d. Supervisor - supervisor

a.Apartment manager - renter

1. Which option requires a lot of imagination and risk taking? a. Legal intervention b. Evaluation and feedback c. Increased or expanded regulations d. Conflict management

c.Increased or expanded regulations

1. Which option requires experimentation and a willingness to take a chance? a. Legal intervention b. Frequent offenders c. Evaluation and feedback d. Galvanizing of citizens

a.Legal intervention

1. What is “technology transfer”? a. Retrofitting a piece of equipment for another department b. Using a piece of equipment or program in one organization that functioned well in another c. Experimenting with different types of technology for the right fit d. Redesigning a program for another department

b.Using a piece of equipment or program in one organization that functioned well in another

1. What does POP rely on? a. Canned approaches b. Retrofitting equipment c. Tailor-made responses d. Innovations from other agencies

c.Tailor-made responses

1. How does POP take the offensive? a. The initial identification of problems must be constant and complete b. The police must be active in educating member of the public and placing choices before them c. The police should be advocates for the community d. All of the above

d.All of the above

1. What assists community members to understand that the police do not have as much authority as they think and that the police will try very hard, yet sometimes fail? a. Officer educating the public on why certain things are or are not done b. Process of making “public” public information c. Conflict management d. Setting up a system

a.Officer educating the public on why certain things are or are not done

1. What is a concluding POP step? a. Decision visibility b. Evaluation and feedback c. Communicating to the public d. Identifying what fixed the problem

b.Evaluation and feedback

1. What is POP likely to fail without? a. Legal intervention b. Problem identification c. Placing effectiveness first d. Evaluation and feedback

d.Evaluation and feedback

What are the steps of Problem Analysis (Phase B)?

Step 4: Setting up a system Step 5: Redefining problems Step 6: Who's interested (or should be)? Step 7: What's working now?

What are the steps of Approaches (Phase C)?

Step 8: Customized or canned? Step 9: Take the offensive Step 10: Decision visibility Step 11: Evaluation and feedback