Chapter 14: Structure and Function of the Digestive System Flashcards
1
Q
the study of the digestive system is calle _____.
A
gastroenterology
2
Q
the digestive system is also known as the _____ system
A
alimentary
3
Q
some functions of the digestive system is processing the break down, metabolization, and supply, of_____ to the body.
A
nutrients
4
Q
A
5
Q
_____ consists of the nature in which food proceeds through the body via peristalsis, or the wavelike muscle contraction that move food to different processing stations of the digestive tract.
A
gastroenterology
6
Q
stomat/o
A
mouth
7
Q
dent/o, odont/o
A
teeth
8
Q
gloss/o, lingu/o
A
tongue
9
Q
cheil/o
A
lips
10
Q
gingiv/o
A
gums
11
Q
esophag/o
A
esophagus
12
Q
pharyng/o
A
pharynx
13
Q
enter/o
A
intestine
14
Q
duoden/o
A
duodenum
15
Q
jejun/o
A
jejunum
16
Q
ile/o
A
ileum
17
Q
colon/o
A
colon
18
Q
sigmoid/o
A
sigmoid colon
19
Q
rect/o
A
rectum
20
Q
proct/o
A
anus and rectum
21
Q
hepat/o
A
liver
22
Q
cholecyst/o
A
gallbladder
23
Q
chole
A
gall
24
Q
cyst/o
A
bladder
25
pancreat/o
pancreas
26
saliv/o
salivary glands
27
what are the three basic functions of the digestive system?
digestion, absorption, and elimination
28
_____ is the process of breaking down foods into nutrients that can be absorbed by cells.
digestion
29
_____ is the passing of digested nutrients into the bloodstream. This primarily occurs in the small intestines.
absorption
30
_____ is the conversion of any residual material from a liquid to a solid and removal. of that material from the alimentary canal via defecation.
elimination
31
the digestive system consists of the ____ ____ (digestive tract or gastrointestinal tract) and several accessory organs.
alimentary canal
32
food enters the alimentary canal through the _____, passes through the _____ and into the _____, then into the _____ and or _____, and then into the ______.
mouth; pharynx; esophagus; stomach; small intestines; large intestines; bowels; anal canal
33
the alimentary canal is a tube that extends from the mouth to the ____.
anus
34
the wall of the alimentary canal has four layers that aid in ____, the movement of chyme.
peristalsis
35
digestive _____ convert complex proteins into ____ ____, compounds that can be absorbed by the body.
enzymes; amino acids
36
complex sugars are reduced to _____ and other simpler sugars, and fat molecules are reduced to ____ ____ and other substances through the action of the digestive enzymes.
glucose; fatty acids
37
the _____ sense the food that is about to enter the mouth.
lips
38
once food is taken into the oral cavity (mouth), it is chewed with the help of the muscles of the _____ (walls of the oral cavity) and the _____ (which moves food during _____(chewing)).
checks; tongue; mastication
39
The last mechanical process that takes place in the mouth is _____ (swallowing).
deglutition
40
The tongue has ____ (pl. _____), small raised areas that contain the taste buds (cells that provide the sensation of taste).
papilla; papillae
41
the tongue is connected to the floor of the mouth by a mucous membrane call a _____.
frenulum
42
at the back of the tongue, _____ _____form two round mounds of lymphatic tissue that play an important role in the immune system.
lingual tonsils
43
the roof of the mouth is formed by the ____ ____, the hard anterior part of the palate with irregular ridges of mucous membranes called _____, and the ____ ____ the soft posterior part of the palate.
hard palate; rugae; soft palate
44
A the back of the soft palate is a downward cone-shaped projection called the _____.
uvula
45
on either side of the back of the mouth are rounded masses of lymphatic tissue called the _____ _____.
palatine tonsils
46
the mouth contains the _____, the fleshy sockets that hold the teeth.
gums
47
the three sets of ____ ____ surrounding the oral cavity secrete _____, a fluid containing enzymes (such as _____, an enzyme that begins the digestion of carbohydrates) that aid in breaking down food.
salivary glands; saliva; amylase
48
from the mouth, food travels through the throat (pharynx). Both food and air share this passage way.
pharynx
49
when we eat and swallow food, a flap of tissue (the _____) covers the trachea until the food is moved into the esophagus.
epiglottis
50
once the food is in the stomach, it will close this prevents _____ (backflow) and _____ or _____ (vomiting). Everytime more food comes through the esophagus to the stomach, the muscles relax and allow the food to pass.
reflux; regurgitation; emesis
51
gastr/o
stomach
52
what are the three main functions of the stomach?
further break down food particles, initiate protein digestion, and mix it.
53
any disease of the stomach
gastropathy
54
the enzyme _____ in the gastric juice begins protein digestion.
pepsin
55
what are the four regions of the stomach?
cardiac region, fundus, body, and pylorus
56
the _____ _____, the region closest to the heart is where the cardiac sphincter allows food to enter the stomach and prevents regurgitation.
cardiac region
57
if the cardiac sphincter does not close, stomach juices can splash into the esophagus causing _____.
heartburn
58
the _____ is the middle portion of the stomach.
body
59
the _____, the narrowed bottom part of the stomach, has a powerful, circular muscle at its base, the pyloric sphincter. this sphincter controls the emptying of the stomach's contents into the small intestine.
pylorus
60
after eating, the muscular movements of the stomach and the mixing of food with gastric juice form a semifluid mass called.
chyme
61
what are the three parts of the small intestine?
duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
62
the ______ is only about 10 inches long. In it, chyme mixes with bile to aid in fat digestion; with pancreatic juice to aid in digestion of starch, proteins, and fat; and with intestinal juice to aid in digesting sugars (glucose). Glands in the walls of the intestine secrete intestinal juice. the juices also help change starch (_____) into glucose.
duodenum; glycogen
63
the small intestine is lined with _____ (sigular, _____), tiny, one-cell-thick fingerlike projections with capillaries through which digested nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream and lymphatic system.
villi; villus
64
the ______ is an 8-foot-long section of the small intestine in which the digestive process continues.
jejunum
65
the _____ connects the small intestine to the large intestine.
ileum
66
67
the small intestine lies within the abdominopelvic cavity, where it is help in place by the _____, a membranous tissue that attaches both the small and large intestines to the muscle wall at the dorsal part of the abdomen.
mesentery
68
what are the four parts of the large intestine?
cecum, colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum
69
the _____ is a puch attached to the bottom of the ileum of the small intestine.
cecum
70
a wormlike puch connected to the cecum.
appendix
71
the appendix is filled with lymphatic tissue but is considered an _____, an accessory part of the body that has no central function.
appendage
72
the middle section of the large intestines is the _____.
colon
73
what are the three parts of the colon?
ascending colon, the transverse colon, and the descending colon
74
the angle between the ascending colon and transverse colon?
hepatic flexure
75
what is the right-angle bend between the transverse colon and the descending colon?
splenic flexure
76
the _____ _____ is an s-shaped body that goes across the pelvis to the middle of the sacrum, where it connects to the rectum.
sigmoid colon
77
the _____ attaches to the anal canal
rectum
78
_____ (_____) then pass from the anal canal into the anus.
feces; stool
79
the anus and anal canal open during the release of feces from the body (_____).
defecation
80
what is the most important function of the liver?
bile secretion
81
what acts as a storage area for bile until it is needed for digestion?
gallbladder
82
the _____ is an important digestive organ located in the upper quadrant of the abdominal cavity
liver
83
aside from changing food nutrients into usable substances, the liver also secretes _____ (a yellowish-brown to greenish fluid), which is stored in the gallbladder for uses in breaking down fats and other digestive functions.
bile
84
the liver also secretes _____, a bile pigment that is combined with bile and excreted into the duodenum.
bilirubin
85
the bile released from the liver to the hepatic duct is then released into the cystic duct, which brings the substance into the _____. This organ is involved in the production, storage and transportation of bile.
gallbladder
86
at the entrance to the duodenum, bile mixes with pancreatic juices and enters the duodenum from the collon bile duct. There the bild aids in _____, the breaking down of fats.
emulsification
87
the _____ digiestive organ in that it secretes fluids into the small intestine through its system of ducts.
pancreas
88
the digestive fluid is called pacreatic juice, which includes various enzymes such as amylase and _____.
lipase
89
surgical repair of the anus is _____plasty.
ano-
90
_____itis is inflammation of the appendix.
appendic-
91
green bile pigment is _____verdin.
bili-
92
_____gingival pertains to the cheeks and gums.
bucco-
93
_____pexy is surgical repair of fixing of the cecum to correct excessive mobility.
ceco-
94
a tumor in the abdomen is a(n) _____oma.
celi-
95
pertaining to bile is _____ic.
chole-
96
a ______gram is an x-ray image of the bile vessels.
cholangio-
97
removal of the gallbladder is _____ectomy.
cholecyst-
98
_____tomy is an incision into the common bile duct.
choledocho-
99
_____ectomy is removal of all or part of the colon.
col-
100
inflammation of the duodenum is _____itis.
duoden-
101
_____pathy is any intestinal disease.
entero-
102
examination of the interior of the esophagus is _____scopy.
esophago-
103
_____algia is a stomach ache.
gastr-
104
_____pharyngeal relates to the tongue and pharynx.
glosso-
105
the formation of glucose is _____genesis.
gluco-
106
_____uria is abnormal excretion of carbohydrates in urine.
glycos-
107
the breakdown of glycogen to glucose is _____lysis.
glycogeno-
108
_____itis is liver disease or inflammation of the liver.
hepat-
109
inflammation of the ileum is _____itis.
ile-
110
_____ostomy is surgical opening to the outside of the body for the jejunum.
jejun-
111
surgical repair of the lips is _____plasty.
labio-
112
pertaining to the tongue and teeth is _____dental.
linguo-
113
_____facial pertains to the mouth and face.
oro-
114
_____itis is inflammation of the pancreas
pancreat-
115
inflammation of the peritoneum is _____itis.
periton-
116
inflammation of the tonsils and pharynx is _____tonsilitis
pharyngo-
117
a specialist in the study and treatment of diseases of the anus and rectum is a _____logist.
procto-
118
_____spasm is involuntary contraction of the pylorus.
pyloro-
119
______abdomical relates to the rectum of the pylorus.
pyloro-
120
excessive secretion of saliva is _____ism.
sial-
121
_____itis is inflammation of the salivary glands.
saladen-
122
visual examination of the sigmoid colon is _____scopy.
sigmoido-
123
greater than normal amounts of fat in the feces is _____rrhea.
stomat-
124
an _____ is the use of an esophagoscope to illuminate the esophagus as it is passed through the mouth and into the esophagus.
esophagoscopy
125
a gastroscope is used to examine the stomach in _____.
gastroscopy
126
a _____ is the used of an endoscope to examine the colon.
colonoscopy
127
a proctoscope is used to examine the rectum and anus in a _____.
proctoscopy
128
a sigmoidoscopy is used to examine the sigmoid colon in _____.
sigmoidoscopy
129
_____ or laparoscopy is the examination of the abdominal cavity with an instrument called a peritoneoscope or a laparoscope.
peritoneoscopy
130
the most severe form of anorexia, ____ ____, it is a morbid refusal to eat because the person wishes to be dangerously thin.
anorexia nervosa
130
_____ is a disease wherein bingeing on food and then purposely purging or vomiting is also a quest for abnormal weight loss.
bulimia
131
hair loss, amenorrhea, and heart damage are symptoms of ____ ____ and _____.
anorexia nervosa; bulimia
132
_____ is often the result of overeating, although recent gene studies indicate a possible hereditary defect.
obesity
133
areas in the mouth can become inflamed from an infection, allergy, injury, or internal disorder. _____ occurs on the lips.
cheilitis
134
_____ occurs on the tongue.
glossitis
135
_____ occurs in the salivary glands.
sialadenitis
136
_____ or _____ occurs in the parotid glands.
parotitis;parotiditis
137
_____ is unusually foul mouth odor, which may be caused by poor dental hygiene, gum disease, certain foods, or an internal disorder such as a sinus infection.
halitosis
138
______ is a condition in which the tongue is partially or completely attached to the floor of the mouth, thereby preventing normal movement.
ankyloglossia
139
_____ is an inability to swallow.
aphagia
140
_____ is difficulty swallowing.
dysphagia
141
esophageal varices are twisted veins in the esophagus that are prone to hemorrhage and ulcers. _____ is any inflammation of the esophagus.
esophagitis
142
______ is the failure of the same esophageal sphincter to relax during swallowing and allow food to pass easily from the esophagus into the stomach to continue the digestive process.
achalasia
143
_____ is the lack of hydrochloric acid in the stomach, a chemical necessary for digestion.
achlorhydria
144
_____ is difficulty in digesting food, particularly in the stomach.
dyspepia
145
_____ is any stomach inflammation,
gastritis
146
_____ is an inflammation of both the stomach and small intestine.
gastroenteritis
147
_____ is an accumulation of gas in the stomach or intestines.
flatulence
148
_____ may release some of this gas through the mouth.
eructation
149
_____ is a sick feeling in the stomach caused by illness or the ingestion of spoiled food.
nausea
150
_____ is the vomiting of blood from the stomach, usually a sign of a severe disorder.
hematemesis
151
stomach ulcers or gastric ulcers are a type of ____ ____, a sore on the mucous membrane of any part of the gastrointestinal system.
peptic ulcer
152
a _____ is a protrusion of the stomach through an opening in the diaphragm called the hiatal opening.
hiatal hernia
153
the liver can be the site of _____ or _____, when excessive bilirubin in the blood (_____) cause a yellow discoloration of the skin.
jaundice; icterus; hyperbilirubinemia
154
_____ is an enlarged liver.
hepatomegaly
155
_____ is a general term for liver disease, and ______ is a term for several types of contagious disease, some of which are sexually transmitted.
hepatopathy; hepatitis
156
_____ is a chronic liver disease usually caused by poor nutrition and excessive alcohol consumption.
cirrhosis
157
_____ is an inflammation of the pancreas.
pancreatitis
158
the gallbladder can be the site of calculi (_____ or _____) that block the bile from leaving the gallbladder.
gallstones; chloeithiasis
159
_____ is any inflammation in the bile ducts.
cholangitis
160
_____ is any inflammation of the gallbladder, either acute or chronic.
cholecystitis
161
the duodenum can be the site of _____ _____. THese are a type of peptic ulcer and are thought to be bacterial in origin.
duodenal ulcers
162
this condition is called _____, which usually requires surgery to prevent the appendix from bursting.
appendicitis
163
inflammation of the liver.
hepatitis
164
_____ __ is a viral infection of the liver that can cause jaundice, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, and fever for a least a month.
Hepatitis A (HAV)
165
Hepatitis A is shed through the _____ and is spread by improper hand washing. Also spread through contaminated food, ice, and water.
feces
166
T or F: there is a vaccination for Hepatitis A?
True
167
_____ __ is a viral infection of the liver. It can be acute or chronic. Transmission routes include sexual or close household contact, mother to baby, IV drug use or nosocomial exposure.
Hepatitis B (HBV)
168
T or F: there is a vaccination for Hepatitis B?
True
169
_____ __ is a virus that causes inflammation of the liver. Is spreed by direct blood contact, usually through IV drug use.
Hepatitis C (HCV)
170
T o F: there is a vaccination for hepatitis C
False
171
_____ __ is a viral infection of the liver. It is always associated with a current infection of hepatitis B. Transmission is parental, sexual, or perinatal.
Hepatitis D (HDV)
172
T o F: there is a vaccination for hepatitis D
false
173
_____ __ a viral infection of the liver. Outbreak of hepatitis E and sporadic cases occur over a wide geographical area, primarily in countries with inadequate environmental sanitation. Transmitted Fecal/ orally.
Hepatitis E (HEV)
174
T or F: there is a vaccination for hepatitis E
False
175
the small and large intestines can have ulcers, obstructions, irritations, inflammations, abnormalities. An _____ is an intestinal blockage, which may be caused by a lack of sufficient moisture to move waste material through the system or by an internal disorder.
ileus
176
_____ and _____ are general terms for inflammations in the small intestine.
enteritis; colitis
177
_____ is a general term for irritation of the intestinal tract with loose stools and other and other symptoms, such as abdominal pain and weakness.
dysentery
178
_____ is a general term for a condition in which polyps develop in the intestinal tract.
polyposis
179
_____ is an inflammation of the rectum and anus.
proctitis
180
_____ is a condition with infrequent or difficult release of bowel movements, sometimes the result of insufficient moisture to soften and move stools.
constipation
181
_____ is loose, watery stools that may be the result of insufficient roughage or of an internal disorder.
diarrhea
182
_____ is the release of gas through the anus.
flatus
183
_____ is a condition in which blood that is not fresh appears in the stool as a black, tarry mass.
melena
184
______ is bright red blood in the stool.
hematochezia
185
______ is fat in the stool.
steatorrhea
186
a small opening in the anal canal is called an ____ ____.
anal fistula
187
the anus may be the site of _____, swollen, twisted veins that can cause great discomfort.
hemorrhoids
188
a ____ ____ is the protrusion of the stomach into the esophagus.
hiatal hernia
189
an ____ _____ is a protrusion of the intestine through a weakness in the abdominal wall.
inguinal hernia
190
an ____ ____ is one in which blood flow is restricted or absent. It may be life threatening!
strangulated hernia
191
a ____ ____ is a protrusion of a loop of intestine into the femoral canal.
femoral hernia
192
an ____ ____ is a protrusion of part of the intestine into the umbilicus.
umbilical hernia
193
______ or ______ is a surgical puncture to remove fluid or relieve pressure in the abdominal cavity, as in ascites.
abdominocentesis; paracentesis
194
_____ is an incision for removal of stones.
cholelithotomy
195
_____ is an incision for the removal of stones in the common bile duct.
choledocholithotomy
196
______ is the crushing of gallstones using sound waves or other techniques.
cholelithotripsy
197
surgical repair of the digestive tract includes _____ (tongue suturing
glossorrhaphy
198
_____ (esophagus repair)
esophagoplasty
199
_____ (repair of the rectum and anus).
proctoplasty
200
a _____ is removal of the tongue.
glossectomy
201
a ______ is the removal of polyps, particularly in areas such as the colon, which are susceptible to cancer.
polypectomy
202
a _____ is the removal of the gallbladder, particularly one that is constantly inflamed and susceptible to painful bouts of gallstones.
cholecystectomy
203
an _____ is the removal of a diseased appendix that is in danger of rupturing.
appendectomy
204
_____ is removal of diverticula.
diverticulectomy
205
_____ is removal of some or all of the stomach.
gastrectomy
206
a _____ or _____ removes a portion of the stomach to limit overeating as a treatment for obesity.
gastric resection; gastric bypass
207
a _____ is the removal of some or all of the colon.
colectomy
208
a _____ is removal of the pancreas, usually only in cases with malignancy.
pancreatectomy
209
______ is the removal of hemorrhoids, which are sometimes treated by laser cauterization.
hemorrhoidectomy
210
a _____ is removal of one or more lobes of the liver.
hepatic lobectomy
211
it is usually preceded by a _____ to determine the type and extent of disease.
liver biopsy
212
an anal fistula is removed in an _____.
anal fistulaectomy
213
_____ and _____ are two types of operations. the first is the excision of pylorus, and the second is the resectioning of the pylorus with the stomach.
billroth I; billroth II
214
an _____, a surgical union of the two hollow tubes, is sometimes used to bypass parts of the intestines, as in the case of removal of a section of the intestines.
anastomosis (pl. anastomoses)
215
an _____ is the creation of an opening in the abdomen that is attached to the ileum to allow fecal matter to discharge into a bag outside the body.
ileostomy
216
a _____ is an opening in the colon to the abdominal wall to create a place for waste to exist the body other than through the anus.
colostomy
217
alanine aminotransferase
ALT
218
aspartate aminotransferase
AST
219
bowel movement
BM
220
body mass index
BMI
221
esophagogastroduodenoscopy
EGD
222
gallbladder
GB
223
gastrointestinal
GI
224
hepatitis A
HAV
225
hepatitis B
HBV
226
hepatitis C
HCV
227
hepatitis D
HDV
228
hepatitis E
HEV
229
inflammatory bowel disease
IBD
230
irritable bowel syndrome
IBS
231
liver function test
LFT
232
nasogastric
NG
233
peptic ulcer disease
PUD
234
serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase
SGOT
235
serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase
SGPT
236
total parenteral nutrition
TPN
237
upper gastrointestinal
UGI
