Chapter 9- Structure and Function of the Endocrine System

Question 1

aden/o

Answer 1

gland

Question 2

adren/o, adrenal/o

Answer 2

adrenal glands

Question 3

gluc/o

Answer 3

glucose

Question 4

gylc/o

Answer 4

glycogen

Question 5

gonad/o

Answer 5

sex glands

Question 6

pancreat/o

Answer 6

pancreas

Question 7

parathyroid/o

Answer 7

parathyroid

Question 8

thyr/o, thyroid/o

Answer 8

thyroid gland

Question 9

the _____ is part of the nervous system that serves as an endocrine gland because it analyzes the body’s condition and directs the release of hormones that regulate pituitary hormones.

Answer 9

hypothalamus

Question 10

The hormones released by the hypothalamus have either _____ (allowing the secretion of other hormones to take place) or an _____ (preventing the secretion of other hormones). The hypothalamus regulates the body’s temperature, blood pressure, heartbeat, metabolism of fats and carbohydrates, and sugar levels in the blood.

Answer 10

releasing factor; inhibiting factor

Question 11

the _____ is located superior and posterior to the pituitary gland.

Answer 11

pineal gland

Question 12

the pineal gland releases _____, a hormone that is believed to affect sleep and the functioning of the gonads.

Answer 12

melatonin

Question 13

The _____ ______ consists of a left lobe and a right lobe. the lobes sit on either side of the trachea.

Answer 13

thyroid gland

Question 14

the two lobes of the thyroid gland are connected by the _____, a narrow strip of tissue on the ventral surface of the trachea.

Answer 14

isthmus

Question 15

a large piece of the thyroid cartilage that covers the larynx and produces the protrusion on the neck known as the _____ _____.

Answer 15

Adam’s apple

Question 16

thyroid secretions control _____(the chemical changes in cells that provide energy for vital processes and activities aand through which new material is assimilated and blood calcium concentrations.

Answer 16

metabolism

Question 17

two of the hormones secreted, _____ or tetraiodothyronine (_____), and _____ (_____), are produced in the thyroid gland using iodine from blood that circulates through the gland.

Answer 17

thyroxine; T4: triiodothyronine; T3

Question 18

_____ is secreted from the outside surface of the thyroid cells. It is a hormone that helps lower blood calcium concentration.

Answer 18

calcitonin

Question 19

the _____ _____ are four oval-shaped glands located on the dorsal side of the thyroid. helps regulate calcium and phosphate levels, two elements necessary to maintain homeostasis.

Answer 19

parathyroid glands

Question 20

the _____ ______ is considered an endocrine gland because it secretes a hormone and is ductless; however, it is also part of the immune system.

Answer 20

thymus gland

Question 21

the _____ _____ (or _____ _____) are a pair of glands. each of the glands sits on top of the kidney.

Answer 21

adrenal glands; suprarenal glands

Question 22

each gland consists of two parts: the _____ _____(the outer portion) and the _____ _____(the inner portion).

Answer 22

adrenal cortex; adrenal medulla

Question 23

the adrenal glands regulate _____(essential mineral salts that conduct electricity and are composed by it) in the body.

Answer 23

electrolytes

Question 24

the mineral salts affect metabolism and blood pressure. The adrenal glands are also _____, imitative of the sympathetic nervous system, as in response to stress.

Answer 24

sympathomimetic

Question 25

the adrenal medulla secretes a class of hormones, _____ (epinephrine and norepinephrine), in response to stress.

Answer 25

catecholamines

Question 26

the _____ helps in maintaining a proper level of blood glucose.

Answer 26

pancreas

Question 27

within the pancreas, the _____ _____ _____, specialized hormone-producing cells, secrete _____ to lower blood sugar when blood sugar levels are high and _____ to raise blood sugar levels when they are low.

Answer 27

islets of langerhans; insulin; glucagon

Question 28

insulin is produced by _____ _____ in the islets of Langerhans, and glucagon is produced by _____ _____ in the islets.

Answer 28

beta cells; alpha cells

Question 29

_____ is stored for later use in the liver and muscle.

Answer 29

glycogen

Question 30

the _____ are in the female pelvic region, one at the top of the each fallopian tube. Produces immature egg cells which when fertilized become fetuses.

Answer 30

ovaries

Question 31

the ovaries also produce the female sex hormones _____ and _____.

Answer 31

estrogen; progesterone

Question 32

the two ______ (or _____) are located in the scrotum, a sac on the outside of the male body. produce spermatozoa which fertilizes ova.

Answer 32

testes; testicles

Question 33

the testes also produce male sex hormones call _____. the major androgen is _____.

Answer 33

androgens; testosterone

Question 34

_____itis is inflammation fo the pancreas.

Answer 34

pancreat-

Question 35

conversion of glycogen to glucose is _____lysis.

Answer 35

glyco-

Question 36

_____pathy is glandular or lymph node disease.

Answer 36

adeno-

Question 37

_____tropin is a hormone that aids in growth of gonads.

Answer 37

gonado-

Question 38

production of glucose is _____genesis.

Answer 38

gluco-

Question 39

enlargement of the adrenal glands is _____megaly.

Answer 39

adreno-

Question 40

_____toxic is having excessive amounts of thyroid hormones.

Answer 40

thyro-

Question 41

_____ectomy is excision of the parathyroid glands.

Answer 41

parathyroid-

Question 42

A _____ _____ _____ test and a ______ _____ _____ are both taken after a 12-hour fast. Blood sugar test is repeated every 3 to 5 hours after glucose ingestion.

Answer 42

fasting blood sugar; glucose tolerance test

Question 43

patients can check ______ ______ or ______ _____ levels themselves to track fluctuations in blood sugar.

Answer 43

blood sugar; blood glucose

Question 44

a _____ _____ _____ (after eating) is a test for blood sugar usually taken about 2 hours after a meal.

Answer 44

postprandial blood sugar

Question 45

a _____ _____ is a test for ketones and /or sugar in urine, both of which may indicate diabetes.

Answer 45

urine sugar

Question 46

for people already diagnosed with diabetes, a _____ _____ test or A1C tracks average blood sugar readings over the pervious 2 to 3 months.

Answer 46

glycated hemoglobin

Question 47

endocrine functions can be tested in the plasma by using a ____ _____, a test that uses radioactive iodine to locate various substances in the plasma.

Answer 47

radioactive immunoassay (RIA)

Question 48

thyroid functioning can be tested using a _____ ______ ______ or _____, which is a blood test that measures the various hormones secreted by the thyroid.

Answer 48

thyroid function test or study

Question 49

a _____ _____ _____ test is a measure of how quickly the thyroid glands ingested iodine.

Answer 49

radioactive iodine uptake

Question 50

a _____ _____ is a test for cancer or other abnormalities using radionuclide imaging.

Answer 50

thyroid scan

Question 51

most endocrine illnesses are the result of ______ (oversecretion) or _____ (undersecretion) of one or more hormones.

Answer 51

hypersecretion; hyposecretion

Question 52

hypersecretion is treated with ______ or by ______.

Answer 52

medication or surgery

Question 53

hypersecretion can by caused by ______ stimulating hormone; a bacterial, viral, or other illness in an endocrine gland or a tumor.

Answer 53

excessive

Question 54

hyposecretion can be due to _____ stimulating hormone or atrophy of a gland.

Answer 54

suppressed

Question 55

hyposecretion is usually treated with _____ _____.

Answer 55

hormone supplements

Question 56

pituitary abnormalities include ______ (hypersecretion of growth hormone after puberty), which causes abnormal enlargement of features after childhood.

Answer 56

acromegaly

Question 57

hypersecretion of a growth hormone from the pituitary gland may result in _____, which causes abnormal growth, even to more than 8 feet tall.

Answer 57

gigantism

Question 58

______ with disproportionate features is usually caused by the congenital absence of the thyroid gland or by another genetic defect.

Answer 58

dwarfism

Question 59

hyposecretion of vasopressin or antidiuretic hormone causes ______ ______, a disease with ______ (excessive amount of water excreted in the urine) and ______ (excessive and constant thirst).

Answer 59

diabetes insipidus; polyuria; polydipsia

Question 60

hypersecerestion of antidiuretic hormones causes _____ of ______ ______ (SIADH), which results in excessive water retention.

Answer 60

syndrome of inappropriate ADH

Question 61

the thyroid gland may become overactive, causing _____, also known as ______ _____.

Answer 61

hyperthyroidism; graves disease

Question 62

symptoms of graves are consistent with increased _____ and _____, which cause increased metabolic rate, weight loss, insomnia, and sweating.

Answer 62

T3 and T4

Question 63

a _____ also can be caused by hypersecretion from the thyroid gland, a tumor, or lack of iodine in the diet, causing the gland to expand and create a massive growth in the neck.

Answer 63

goiter

Question 64

_____, bulging of the eyes, is a complication that can occur in some instances of Graves disease.

Answer 64

thyrotoxicosis

Question 65

_____, underactivity of the thyroid gland causes sluggishness and slow metabolism, often resulting in obesity.

Answer 65

hypothyroidism

Question 66

_____ is a specific type of hypothyroidism in adults with a range of symptoms, including puffiness in the extremities, slow muscular response, and excessively dry skin.

Answer 66

myxedema

Question 67

the _____ _____ help control blood calcium levels, which contribute to bone growth and muscular health.

Answer 67

parathyroid glands

Question 68

______ (overactivity of the parathyroid glands) is usually caused by a. tumor in the parathyroid gland. symptoms include bone loss to severe cases of kidney failure.

Answer 68

hyperparathyroidism

Question 69

_____ (underactivity of the parathyroid glands) results in low blood calcium levels, causing many symptoms such as bone loss and some muscle paralysis (_____). medications and supplements that increase calcium absorption are available treatments that may be prescribed.

Answer 69

hypoparathyroidism; tetany

Question 70

the adrenal glands may be overactive (_____) or underactive (_____).

Answer 70

hyperadrenalism; hypoadrenalism

Question 71

hyperadrenalism is usually caused by an _____ _____. And cured by ______.

Answer 71

adrenal tumor; removal

Question 72

______ ______ results in symptoms of excessive androgens in both men and women, which, in turm can result in ______, abnormal hair growth.

Answer 72

adrenogenital syndrome; hirsutism

Question 73

_____ is also a condition with excessive androgen secretion.

Answer 73

virilism

Question 74

virilism results in mature masculine features in ______. administration of steroids can keep the overactivity in balance.

Answer 74

children

Question 75

_____ ______ results from an oversecretion of ACTH.

Answer 75

cushing syndrome

Question 76

hypoadrenalism also is known as _____ ______. it may result in anemia, abnormal skin pigment, and general malaise. It can be controlled with cortisone.

Answer 76

addison disease

Question 77

sometimes, the pancreas may become inflamed, as in ______.

Answer 77

pancreatitis

Question 78

hyperinsulinism is the hypersecretion of insulin and may cause _____, a lowering of blood sugar levels that deprives the body of needed glucose.

Answer 78

hypoglycemia

Question 79

hypoglycemia can be controlled with _____ _____.

Answer 79

dietary changes

Question 80

hyposecretion of insulin can cause _____ _____, a widespread disease that affects about 4% of the U.S. population.

Answer 80

diabetes mellitus

Question 81

diabetes occurs either as _____ _____diabetes or as ______ _____ diabetes.

Answer 81

type 1; type 2

Question 82

type _____ diabetes usually occurs in childhood and is the result of underproduction fo insulin by the beta cells

Answer 82

1

Question 83

glucose accumulates and overflows into the urine (_____, ______).

Answer 83

glucosuria; glycosuria

Question 84

type 1 diabetes can be treated with controlled doses of ______.

Answer 84

insulin

Question 85

type ______ diabetes used to occur only in adulthood bot now also occurs in younger people and even teens and children

Answer 85

2

Question 86

type 2 diabetes usually occurs in ______ people whose responsiveness to insulin is abnormally _____. This response is called _____ _____.

Answer 86

overweight; low; insulin resistance

Question 87

both types of diabetes can lead to ______ ______, a condition where an overdosage of insulin causes symptoms such as tremors, tachycardia, hunger, dizziness, and cool moist skin.

Answer 87

insulin shock

Question 88

if left untreated, insulin shock can lead to _____ _____.

Answer 88

diabetic coma

Question 89

______ _____ is a kidney disease resulting from serious diabetes.

Answer 89

diabetic nephropathy

Question 90

_____ ______ is los of sensation in the extremities.

Answer 90

diabetic neuropathy

Question 91

_____ ______ is gradual visual loss leading to blindness.

Answer 91

diabetic retinopathy

Question 92

the body uses stored fat to replace glucose, thereby causing _____, _____, and ______, all of which are marked by the abnormal presence of ketone bodies in the blood and urine.

Answer 92

acidosis; ketoacidosis; ketosis

Question 93

An _____ is the removal of any gland.

Answer 93

adenectomy

Question 94

An ______ is the removal of an adrenal gland.

Answer 94

adrenalectomy

Question 95

removal of the pituitary gland is _____.

Answer 95

hypophysectomy

Question 96

the pancreas is removed in a ______.

Answer 96

pancreatectomy

Question 97

removal of the parathyroid gland is performed in a _____ and removal of the thymus gland is performed in a _____.

Answer 97

parathyroidectomy; thymectomy

Question 98

A _____ is the removal of the thyroid.

Answer 98

thyroidectomy

Question 99

hormonal deficiencies are sometimes treated with _____ _____ ______ (HRT).

Answer 99

hormone replacement therapy

Question 100

An _____ raises blood sugar.

Answer 100

antihyperglycemic

Question 101

an _____ or ______ lowers blood sugar.

Answer 101

antihyperglycemic; hypoglycemic

Question 102

_____ _____ _____(somatotropin) occurs naturally in the body.

Answer 102

human growth hormone

Question 103

______ are used to control symptoms and treat many diseases occuring within and outside the endocrine system. Can be abused for muscle growth.

Answer 103

steroids

Question 104

a thyroid tumor also may be treated with _____ ______ ______ to eradicate the tumor.

Answer 104

radioactive iodine therapy

Question 105

ADH

Answer 105

antidiuretic hormone

Question 106

DM

Answer 106

diabetes mellitus

Question 107

HG

Answer 107

growth hormone

Question 108

GTT

Answer 108

glucose tolerance test

Question 109

HRT

Answer 109

hormone replacement therapy

Question 110

IDDM

Answer 110

insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

Question 111

RIA

Answer 111

radioactive immunoassay

Question 112

SIADH

Answer 112

syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone

Question 113

T3, T4

Answer 113

triiodothyronine

Question 114

T4

Answer 114

thyroxine