Chapter 15: Structure and Function of the Urinary System Flashcards
1
Q
what organs is the urinary system composed of…. (5 organs)
A
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra
2
Q
the kidneys also assist in regulation of blood pressure through the production of _____, produce _____ for erythrocyte production, produce prostaglandins, and help metabolize vitamin D.
A
renin; erythropoietin
3
Q
two _____, organs that remove dissolved waste and other substances from the blood and urine.
A
kidneys
4
Q
two _____, tubes that transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
A
ureters
5
Q
the _____, the organ that stores urine.
A
bladder
6
Q
the _____, a tubular structure that transports urine through the _____, the external opening of a canal, to the outside of the body.
A
urethra; meatus
7
Q
cali/o, calic/o
A
calyx
8
Q
cyst/o
A
bladder, especially the urinary bladder
9
Q
glomerul/o
A
glomerulus
10
Q
meat/o
A
meatus
11
Q
nephr/o
A
kidney
12
Q
pyel/o
A
renal pelvis
13
Q
ren/o
A
kidney
14
Q
trigon/o
A
trigone
15
Q
ur/o, urin/o
A
urine
16
Q
ureter/o
A
ureter
17
Q
urethr/o
A
urethra
18
Q
-uria
A
of urine
19
Q
vesic/o
A
bladder, generally used when describing something in relation to a bladder
20
Q
the kidneys are located in the _____ (posterior to the peritoneum) space behind the abdominal cavity on either side of the vertebral column.
A
retroperitoneal
21
Q
the kidneys have two functions, to form urine for _____ and to retain essential substances the body need in the process called _____.
A
excretion; reabsorption
22
Q
urine is produced by _____ of water, salts,sugars, ______, and other nitrogenous waste materials such as _____ (and its component of _____) and ____ ____.
A
filtration; urea; creatine; creatinine; uric acid
23
Q
the kidneys have an outer protective portion, the _____, and an inner soft portion, the ______ (a term used for the inner, soft portion of any organ). In the middle of the concave side of the kidney is depression, the _____, through which the blood vessels, the nerves, and the ureters enter and exit the kidney.
A
cortex; medulla; hilum
24
Q
the functional unit of the kidney is the _____.
A
nephron
25
the nephron removes waste products from the blood and produces _____.
urine
26
blood enters each kidney through the _____ _____ and leaves through the _____ _____.
renal artery; renal vein
27
once inside the kidney, the renal artery branches off into smaller arteries called _____.
arterioles
28
each arteriole leads into a nephron. Each nephron contains a _____ _____ made up of a group of capillaries called a _____(pl. _____).
renal corpuscle; glomerulus; glomeruli
29
where in the kidney is urine first formed?
glomerulus
30
if the blood flow in the kindney is decreased the kidney automatically produces _____, a substance that causes an increase in the blood pressure to maintain the filtration rate of blood.
renin
31
the wall of each glomerulus is thin enough to allow water, salts, sugars, urea, and certain wastes to pass through. Each glomerulus is surrounded by a capsule, _____ _____, where this fluid collects.
Bowman's capsule
32
Urine travels to the _____ ______, a collecting area in the center of the kidney.
renal pelvis
33
the renal pelvis contains small cuplike structures called _____ (also spelled _____; singular ______) that collect urine.
calices; calyces; calyx
34
the _____ transports urine to the ____ ____.
ureters; urinary bladder
35
the ____ ____ is a hollow, muscular organ that stores urine until ready to be excreted from the body.
urinary bladder
36
the base of the bladder contains a triangular area, the _____ , where the ureters enter the bladder and the urethra exits it.
trigone
37
the _____ and ejaculatory duct meet at the ____ ____.
urethra; prostate gland
38
inflammation of the trigone of the bladder ____itis.
trigon-
39
incision of the urethral meatus, especially to enlarge it, is _____tomy.
meato-
40
inflammation of the bladder is ______itis.
cyst-
41
abnormal discharge from the urethra is _____rrhea.
urethro-
42
inflammation of the kidney is _____itis.
nephr-
43
______plasty is surgical reconstruction of a calix.
calio-
44
lack of urine formation is an _____.
an-
45
excess urea and other nitrogenous wastes in the blood is _____emia.
ur-
46
_____plasty is surgical repair of the renal pelvis.
glomerul-
47
_____ is the examination of urine for its physical, chemical, microscopic properties.
urinalysis
48
a ____ ____ is _____ (left in the bladder) and is held in place by a balloon inflated into the bladder.
foley catheter; indewelling
49
a ____ ____ (also called a texas catheter, etc.) consists of a rubber sheath placed over the penis with tubing connected to a drainage or leg bag where the urine collects.
condom catheter
50
what are the three phases of complete urinalysis?
macroscopic/physical phase, chemical phase, and microscopic phase
51
during the first phase of urinalysis, the color, turbidity (cloudiness caused by suspended sediment), and ____ _____ (ratio of density of a substance) of urine give certain diagnostic clues.
specific gravity
52
the second phase of urinalysis, which determines the types of chemicals present in the urine. It also determines the _____ range of urine.
pH
53
the third phase of urinalysis, during which urine sediment is examined for solids (including cellular material) or ______, which are formed when protein accumulates in the urine.
casts
54
the presence of high quantities of ______ usually occurs in diabetes.
acetone__
55
___ in the urine may indicate starvation or diabetes.
ketones
56
the presence of serum protein _____ in urine may indicate a leakage of blood proteins through the renal tubules, an indicator of nephron disease.
albumin
57
_____ in the urine usually indicates diabetes.
glucose
58
______ in the urine is abnormal and indicates one of several conditions, such as rickets.
calcium
59
_____ in the urine indicates liver disease, such as obstructive disease of the biliary tract or liver cancer
bilirubin
60
_____ _____: various tests are used to visually diagnose stones, growths, obstructions, and abnormalities in the urinary system.
imaging tests
61
_____ is the insertion of a tubular instrument (a _____) to examine the bladder with a light.
cystoscopy; cystoscope
62
an _____ _____ (IVP and an _____ _____ are x-rays of the urinary tract after a contrast medium is injected into the bloodstream.
intravenous pyelogram; intravenous urogram
63
a ______ is an x-ray of three parts of the urinary tract.
kidney, ureter, bladder (KUB)
64
a ____ ____ is an x-ray of the renal artery after a contrast medium has been injected into the artery.
renal angiogram
65
a _____ ____ is an x-ray of the kidney, bladder, and ureters taken after a cystoscope is used to introduce a contrast medium.
retrograde pyelogram (RP)
66
a _____ is an x-ray taken during urinatim to examine flow of urine through the system.
voiding cystogram (VCG), voiding, (urinating), cystourethrogram (VCUG)
67
an ____ ____ is the production of an image of the urinary tract using sound waves.
abdominal sonogram
68
radioactive imaging is also used to diagnose kidney disorders via a renal scan. A _____ is used to study kidney function.
renogram
69
certain procedures, particularly _____, can mechanically maintain kidney or renal function when kidney failure occurs.
dialysis
70
_____ is the process of filtering blood outside the body in an artificial kidney machine and returning it to the body after filtering.
hemodialysis
71
_____ _____ is the insertion and removal of dialysis solution into the peritoneal cavity.
peritoneal dialysis
72
_____ is the breaking up of urinary stones by using shock waves from outside the body.
extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)
73
a ____ ____ ____ (UTI) commonly refers to a bladder or urethra infection.
urinary tract infection
74
_____ is the general term for inflammation of the kidney.
nephritis
75
_____ refers to a kidney inflammation located in the glomeruli.
glomerulonephritis
76
this inflammation, known as _____ ____, can be acute, as after a systemic infection, or may become chronic, resulting in high blood pressure, kidney failure, and other conditions.
bright disease
77
____ ____ is an inflammation of the CT between the renal tubules.
interstitial nephritis
78
_____ is an inflammation of the renal pelvis.
pyelitis
79
_____ is a bacterial infection in the renal pelvis with abscesses.
pyelonephritis
80
_____, or nephrotic syndrome, is a group of symptoms usually following or related to another illness that causes protein loss in the urine (_____).
nephrosis; proteinuria
81
_____ (swelling) may result from this nephrosis.
edema
82
_____ is the collection of urine in the kidneys without release due to a blockage.
hydronephrosis
83
____ ____ ____ is a progressive, hereditary condition in which numerous kidney cysts form that can cause other conditions in adults, such as high BP and excess blood and waste in the urine.
polycystic kidney disease
84
_____ ( _____) _____, the loss of kidney function, may result from other conditions -- some chronic, such as diabetes, and some acute, such as a kidney infection.
kidney (renal) failure
85
_____ and _____, excesses of urea and other nitrogenous wastes in the blood may result from kidney failure.
uremia; azotemia
86
_____ is severe and fatal if not treated.
end-stage renal disease (ESRD)
87
_____, or a _____, is a malignant tumor of the kidneys found primarily in children. it is usually treated with surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy.
Wilms' tumor; nephroblastoma
88
a _____ is any renal tumor.
nephroma
89
_____ is an inflammation of the bladder.
cystitis
90
the bladder may be the site of ____ ____ ____. Various tumors can be removed or treated.
bladder cancer
91
other bladder problems include a _____ a hernia of the bladder, and a _____, a stone in the bladder
cystocele; cystolith
92
such difficulties can include no urine output (_____)
anuria
93
painful urination
dysuria
94
lack of bladder control
enuresis
95
nighttime bed-wetting
nocturia
96
scanty urination
oliguria
97
excessive urination
polyuria
98
the. general term ______ refers to the involuntary discharge of urine or feces.
incontinence
99
_____ or _____ indicates the presence of albumin in the urine
albuminuria
100
_____ indicates the presence of blood in the urine.
proteinuria
101
_____ indicates the presence of ketone bodies in the urine.
ketonuria
102
_____ indicates the presence of pus and white blood cells in the urine.
pyuria
103
_____ (narrowing) of the ureters or urethra also may be present at birth
atresia
104
_____ is the practice of medicine specializing in the urinary tract.
urology
105
a person can live with only one kidney, so a diseased kidney may be removed in a _____.
nephrectomy
106
other surgical procedures on the kidney include _____, the removal of adhesions in the kidney
nephrolysis
107
_____ the creation of an opening in the kidney leading to the outside of the body.
nephrostomy
108
surgical removal of a kidney stone
nephrolithotomy
109
surgically affixing a floating kidney in place.
nephropexy
110
suturing of a damaged kidney
nephrorrhaphy
111
an incision into the renal pelvis
pyelotomy
112
surgical repair of the renal pelvis
pyeloplasty
113
surgical repair of a ureter
ureteroplasty
114
suture of a damaged ureter
ureterorrhaphy
115
surgical removal of a diseased ureter
ureterectomy
116
removal of kidney stones
lithotomy or lithectomy
117
removal of the bladder
cystectomy
118
surgical fixing of the bladder to the abdominal wall
cystopexy
119
surgical repair of the bladder
cystoplasty
120
suturing of a damaged bladder
cystorrhaphy
121
surgical repair of the urethra
urethroplasty
122
surgical fixation of the urethra
urethropexy
123
suturing of the urethra
urethrorrhaphy
124
surgical creation of an opening between the urethra and the skin
urethrostomy
125
surgical enlargement of the opening of the meatus
meatotomy
126
a large incision to enlarge the narrowed area of the urethra.
urethrotomy
127
medication that relieves spasms of the urinary tract or inhibit growth of microorganisms
antispasmodic
128
the increase of urine secretion
diuretics
129
medications to control BP related to fluid imbalances from compromised kidney function
antihypertensives (ACE inhibitors
130
_____ are spectrum antibacterial agents used to treat UTI bacterial infections with the urinary tract.
antibiotics
131
drugs that are used to treat overactive bladder
anticholinergics
132
acute renal failure
ARF
133
blood urea nitrogen
BUN
134
chronic renal failure
CRF
135
end-stage renal failure
ESRD
136
extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy
ESWL
137
external urinary drainage
EUD
138
glomerular filtration rate
GFR
139
genitourinary
GU
140
intake and output
I & O
141
intravenous pyelogram
IVP
142
kidney/ureter/bladder
KUB
143
retrograde pyelogram
RP
144
urinalysis
UA, U/A
145
urinary tract infection
UTI
146
voiding cystogram
VCG
147
voiding cystourethrogram
VCUG
148
