Chapter 14 Study guide

Question 1

DNA

Answer 1

single circular chromosome, contains genetic information

Question 2

Cytoplasm:

Answer 2

jelly-like fluid inside the cell where metabolic reactions occur

Question 3

Ribosomes

Answer 3

site of protein synthesis

Question 4

Plasma membrane

Answer 4

regulates passage of materials in and out of the cell

Question 5

Cell wall

Answer 5

provides shape and protection

Question 6

Capsule

Answer 6

sticky outer layer that protects against desiccation and immune attack

Question 7

Flagellum

Answer 7

tail-like structure for movement

Question 8

Pilus (plural pili)

Answer 8

Hair-like structures used for attachment and conjugation

Question 9

Binary Fission

Answer 9

asexual reproduction: cell divides into two identical cells

Question 10

Transformation:

Answer 10

uptake of DNA from the environment

Question 11

Transduction

Answer 11

DNA transfer via bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria

Question 12

Conjugation:

Answer 12

DNA transfer through a pilus between bacteria

Question 13

Plasmid:

Answer 13

small, circular DNA molecule that can be transferred between cells: often carries antibiotic resistance genes

Question 14

Microbiota

Answer 14

Beneficial bacteria living in/on humans (ex: gut bacteria)

Question 15

Bacterial pathogens:

Answer 15

cause diseases (ex: tuberculosis, strep throat)

Question 16

Antibiotics:

Answer 16

drugs that kill or inhibit bacterial growth

Question 17

Extreme thermophile:

Answer 17

thrives in very hot environments

Question 18

Extreme halophile:

Answer 18

Thrives in very salt environments

Question 19

Methanogens

Answer 19

produce methane: often found in anaerobic environments (ex: swamps, animal intestines)

Question 20

Endosymbiont hypothesis:

Answer 20

early eukaryotes evolved when a large cell engulfed smaller aerobic bacteria (mitochondria) or photosynthetic bacteria (chloroplasts)
-this is led to modern eukaryotic cells with organelles

Question 21

Key Organelles of Protists Cell Structure

Answer 21

Nucleus: contains genetic material
Mitochondria: site of cellular respiration
Chloroplasts: site of photosynthetic protists
Flagellum: aids in movement

Question 22

Protists Cell Organization

Answer 22

-Single celled (ex: amoeba)
-Colonial (ex: volvox)
-Multicellular (ex: seaweeds like brown algae)

Question 23

Plankton:

Answer 23

Base of aquatic food chains (includes phytoplankton-photosynthetic protists)

Question 24

Brown algae:

Answer 24

multicellular, provide habitats (ex: kelp forests)

Question 25

Red + green algae

Answer 25

photosynthetic, contribute to oxygen production + food sources

Question 26

African sleeping sickness:

Answer 26

caused by trypanosomes, transmitted by tsetse flies

Question 27

Malaria:

Answer 27

caused by apicomplexans/plasmodium, transmitted by mosquitoes

Question 28

Choanoflagellates:

Answer 28

unicellular or colonial protists; closely related to animals

Question 29

Choanoflagellates features:

Answer 29

flagellum surrounded by a collar of microvilli to capture food particles

Question 30

Viral genome:

Answer 30

DNA or RNA, carries genetic instructions

Question 31

Protein coat (capsid):

Answer 31

protects genome and aids attachment to host cells

Question 32

Viral envelope:

Answer 32

lipid membrane (present in some viruses) derived from host cell

Question 33

Replication:

Answer 33

viruses infect host cells, use host machinery to make viral components, then assemble new virus particles