Chapter 14: The Brain and Cranial Nerves Flashcards
(126 cards)
1
Q
The four major brain regions are the
A
Cerebellum, cerebrum, diencephalon, and brainstem
2
Q
What portion of the brain controls conscious thought, intellectual functions, memory storage and processing, and subconscious regulation of skeletal muscles?
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Cerebrum
3
Q
What portion of the brain relays and processes sensory information?
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Thalamus
4
Q
What portion of the brain controls emotions, autonomic functions, and hormone production?
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Hypothalamus
5
Q
What portion of the brain processes visual and auditory data, generates reflexive somatic motor responses, and maintains consciousness?
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Midbrain
6
Q
What portion of the brain relays sensory information to cerebellum and thalamus, and controls subconscious somatic and visceral motor centers?
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Pons
7
Q
What portion of the brain relays sensory information to thalamus and to other portions of the brainstem and controls autonomic centers for regulation of visceral function?
A
Medulla oblongata
8
Q
What structures make up the brainstem?
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The midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
9
Q
A collection of neurons that form a thin superficial layer of gray matter is the
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Cerebral cortex
10
Q
The walls of the diencephalon are composed of the
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Thalamus and hypothalamus
11
Q
The narrow stalk that connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland is the
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Infundibulum
12
Q
What area connects the cerebellum to the brainstem?
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The pons
13
Q
The area that connects the brain to the spinal cord is the
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Medulla oblongata
14
Q
At the cephalic portion of the _______, three primary brain vesicles develop
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neural tube
15
Q
The prosencephalon forms the
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Telencephalon and diencephalon
16
Q
The portion of the rhombencephalon adjacent to the mesencephalon forms the
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Metencephalon
17
Q
The two lateral ventricles communicate with the third ventrical of the diencephalon through an
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Interventricular foramen
18
Q
The passageway that connects the third ventricle with the fourth ventricle is the
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Cerebral aqueduct
19
Q
Which primary brain vesicle is destined to form the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata?
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The rhombencephalon or hindbrain
20
Q
The large collecting veins located within the dural folds are the
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Dural venous sinuses
21
Q
The fold of dura mater that projects between the cerebral hemispheres in the longitudinal cerebral fissue is the
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Falx cerebri
22
Q
What separates the cerebral hemispheres from the cerebellum?
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Tentorium cerebelli
23
Q
The pia mater is anchored by the
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Processes of astrocytes
24
Q
Cerebrospinal fluid functions by
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supporting the brain, cushioning neural structures, and transporting nutrients, chemical messengers, and wastes
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The area within each ventricle that produces CSF is the
Choroid plexus
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Arterial blood reaches the brain through the
Internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries
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The blood brain barrier is formed by
Capillary endothelial cells that are extensively interconnected by tight junctions
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________ have fenestrated capillaries and provide a direct link between the CNS and the peripheral blood
Circumventricular organs (CVOs)
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Cranial nerve VIII carries sensory information from receptors in the internal ear to the
Vestibular and cochlear nuclei
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Excess cerebrospinal fluid is returned to the venous circulation by ______
diffusion across the arachnoid villi
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What are the structures in the medulla that relay sensory information to the thalamus?
The gracile nucleus and cuneate nucleus
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Which part of the brainstem has a control center that sets the basic pace or rhythm of breathing?
Medulla oblongata
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What occurs in a subdural hemorrhage?
A break in a vein may cause blood to flow to the meningeal layer of the dura mater and down to the arachnoid layer
34
Why is damage to the medulla potentially so harmful despite the fact that the medulla is the lowest part of the brainstem?
It contains vital autonomic reflex centers
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The blood–brain barrier remains intact throughout the CNS EXCEPT in _______
portions of the hypothalamus and the choroid plexus
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What is the function of the thalamus?
To filter and pass along sensory information to the basal nuclei and cerebral cortex
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Hypothalamic or thalamic stimulation that depresses reticular formation activity in the brain stem results in _______
generalized lethargy or actual sleep
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The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus ______
secretes oxytocin
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Damage to the _____________________ results in unconsciousness or coma
reticular activating system
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The nuclei in the midbrain responsible for secreting dopamine is _______
Substantia nigra
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Which dural folds covers and separates cerebellum from the cerebrum?
Tentorium cerebelli
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___________ is a collection of clusters of neurons responsible for consciousness
Reticular activating system
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Which part of the brain regulates the functioning of the autonomic nervous system?
The hypothalamus
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The pineal gland, an endocrine structure that secretes the hormone melatonin, is found in the ________
epithalamus
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What are the four components of the pons?
Sensory and motor nuclei of cranial nerves
Nuclei involved with the control of respiration
Nuclei and tracts that process and relay information sent to or from the cerebellum
Ascending, descending, and transverse pontine fibers
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Each ______ receives visual inputs from the lateral genticulate body of the thalamus on that side
superior colliculus
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Each _______ receives auditory input from nuceli in the medulla oblongata and pons and control reflex movements of the head, neck, and trunk
inferior colliculus
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The superior and inferior colliculi make up the
Corpora quadrigemina
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The ______ controls subconscious control of upper limb position and background muscle tone
red nucleus
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The _______ connect primary motor cortex with motor neurons in brain and spinal cord and carry ascending sensory information to the thalamus
cerebral peduncles
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The largest midbrain nucleus lateral to the red nucleus
Substantia nigra
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The cerebral peduncles contain _______
Ascending fibers that go to the cerebellum by way of the pons and descending fibers that carry voluntary motor commands from the cerebral hemispheres
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The narrow band of cortex that separates the cerebellar hemispheres is the
Vermis
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The ________ lies between the roof of the fourth ventricle and the cerebellar hemispheres and vermis
Flocculondular lobe
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What makes up the gray matter in the cerebellum?
The cerebellar cortex and cerebellar nuclei
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The large layer of highly branched neuron cell bodies in the cerebellar cortex is the
Purkinje cell layer
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What are the two primary functions of the cerebellum?
Adjusting the postural muscles of the body and programming and fine tuning movements controlled at the conscious and subconscious levels
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Identify the components of the cerebellar gray matter
Cerebellar cortex and cerebellar nuclei
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What communicates between the cerebellum and nuclei in the medulla oblongata and carry ascending and descending cerebellar tracts from the spinal cord?
Inferior cerebellar peduncles
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What part of the brain has the arbor vitae?
The internal, white matter of the cerebellum connecting the cerebellar cortex and nuclei with the cerebellar peduncles
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The final relay point for sensory information ascending to the cerebral cortex is the
Thalamus
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The area of the thalamus that provides awareness of emotional states by connecting emotional centers in the hypothalamus with the frontal lobes
Medial nuclei of thalamus
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The dorsal nuclei of the thalamus include the
Lateral dorsal nucleus and pulvinar nuclei
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The floor of the hypothalamus between the infundibulum and the mamillary bodies is the
Tuber cinereum
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The paraventricular nucleus produces
Oxytocin which stimulates smooth muscle contractions in the uterus and mammary glands
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The pre-optic area of the hypothalamus is responsible for
Thermoregulation
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The ________ receives input from the retina of the eye
suprachiasmatic nucleus
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Damage to the lateral geniculate body of the thalamus would interfere with the functions of which special sense?
The sense of sight
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Damage to the medial geniculate body of the thalamus would interfere with the functions of which sense?
Auditory
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The hypothalamus is located in which ventricle?
Third ventricle
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What are the primary functions of the limbic system?
Processing memories and creating emotional states, drives, and associated behaviors
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A tract of cerebral white matter that connect the hippocampus with the hypothalamus is the
Fornix
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The centers in the pons that modify the activity of the respiratory rhythmicity center in the medulla oblongata are the _______
apneustic and pneumotaxic centers
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The cranial nerve that contains sensory neurons from the sense organs of the internal ear connects to which part or parts of the brain?
Pons and medulla oblongata
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Monitoring and regulating the blood osmotic environment is controlled by the _______
hypothalamus
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Why might damage to the pons be sufficient to cause death?
The pons contains the pneumotaxic and apneustic centers
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What is the region of the brain lacking the blood-brain barrier?
Hypothalamus
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Which cranial nerves are concerned with eyeball movement?
Nerves III, IV, and VI
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What are the components that make up the cerebellar gray matter?
Cerebellar cortex and nuclei
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When you step outside on a bright sunny day, your pupils constrict. What kind of a reflex is this?
Cranial visceral reflex
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Which part of the brain contains many of the reflex centers that allow the complex visceral reflexes?
The medulla oblongata
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The area where the two optic nerves cross over is known as the ______
optic chiasma
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Very large amplitude, low frequency waves are characteristics of what type of brain waves?
Delta waves
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The area where the two optic nerves cross over is known as the ______
optic chiasma
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The neurons in the primary sensory cortex receive somatic sensory information from _______________
touch, pressure, pain, vibration, and temperature receptors
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The white matter of the cerebrum is found ______
beneath the neural cortex and around the cerebral nuclei
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Which cranial nerve contains sensory fibers coming from the inner ear and is responsible for hearing and balance?
Vestibulocochlear
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What type of brain waves are most often observed in children?
Theta waves
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The masses of gray matter that lie within each cerebral hemisphere deep to the floor of the lateral ventricle are the _______
basal nuclei
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Stimulation of which cranial nerve will stimulate the digestive system?
Vagus
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A loud noise produces a tympanic reflex that results in _______
reduced movement of auditory ossicles
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What are the three divisions of the trigeminal nerve?
The ophthalmic nerve (V1), the maxillary nerve (V2), and the mandibular nerve (V3)
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What name is given to fibers carrying information between the brain and spinal cord, and through which brain regions do they pass?
Projection fibers link the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord, passing through the diencephalon, brainstem, and cerebellum
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A patient suffers a head injury that damages her primary motor cortex. Where is this area located?
In the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe of the cerebrum
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Which senses would be affected by damage to the temporal lobes of the cerebrum?
The processing of olfactory (smell) and auditory (sound) sensations
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The center in the medulla oblongata where the first synapse in the auditory pathway is made is the ______
cochlear nucleus
97
The region of cerebral cortex inferior to the lateral sulcus is the __________ lobe
temporal
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Which embryological brain vesicle will form the cerebrum?
Telencephalon
99
Dr. Taylor’s CVA occurred in the left cerebral hemisphere, near her language center. If Dr. Taylor’s CVA had occurred in the same region of the right cerebral hemisphere, what would have been different about her symptoms?
She would have had difficulty in visual and spatial analysis as well as possible difficulty in identifying familiar objects by touch, taste, and sight
100
What part of the corpora quadrigemina is clearly observed in a midsagittal section?
Superior colliculus
101
Which region of the diencephalon contains the pineal body?
Epithalamus
102
The pineal body secretes the hormone
Melatonin
103
Which ventricles are divided by the septum pellucidum?
Lateral ventricles
104
Which of the following ventricles is found under the corpus callosum?
Lateral ventricles
105
Which of the following areas takes visual information from one side of the body and conveys it to the opposite side?
Optic chiasm
106
Which of the following structures attach the pituitary gland to the brain?
Infundibulum
107
Which of the following landmarks divides the cerebrum in half?
Longitudinal fissure
108
Which region contains the corpora quadrigemina?
Midbrain
109
What are the sensory cranial nerves?
Olfactory, optic, and vestibulocochlear
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What are the motor cranial nerves?
Hypoglossal
Accessory
Oculomotor
Trochlear
Abducens
111
What are the mixed cranial nerves?
Trigeminal
Vagus
Facial
112
The pons exchanges information with the cerebellum over the ________
middle cerebellar peduncle
113
The total volume of CSF at any moment is about
150mL
114
Where does most of the venous blood from the brain leave the cranium in?
Internal jugular veins
115
What do the internal jugular veins drain?
The dural venous sinuses
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The crossing of tracts leaving the brainstem nuclei to the opposite side of the brain before reaching their destinations is called
Decussation (Occurs at decussation of pyramids)
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Visceral sensory nuclei of the medulla oblongata are the
Solitary nuclei
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Which centers in the pons process information originating in the respiratory rhythmicity centers of the medulla oblongata?
Apneustic center and pneumotaxic center
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What are the folds of the cerebellum surface called?
Folia
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Disturbance in muscular coordination is called
Ataxia
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Fibers that connect cerebral cortex to diencephalon, brainstem, and spinal cord
Projection fibers
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What interconnects and permit communication between the cerebral hemispheres?
Commissures
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The ______ connect the frontal lobe to the other lobes of the same hemisphere
longitudinal fasciculi
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Which part of the basal nuclei are responsible for subconscious adjustment and modification of voluntary motor commands?
Caudate nucleus and lentiform nucleus
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What are the two parts of the lentiform nucleus?
Putamen and globus pallidus
126
The gustatory cortex lies in the
anterior portion of the insula and adjacent portions of the frontal lobe
