Chapter 14 - Water and Major Minerals Flashcards
(112 cards)
1
Q
Functions of water in body?
A
- solvent
- transports stuff
- lubricates and protects
- regulates body temperature
- plays in metabolic reactions (hydrolysis and dehydration)
- maintains acid-base balance
2
Q
How much of us is water?
A
60-70%
3
Q
Who (males or females) has more? Why?
A
males, because they have more lean muscle
4
Q
Age – who has more?
A
elderly- less, we dry out
infants - most
5
Q
Intracellular fluid (ICF)
A
fluid inside cells
6
Q
Interstitial fluid
A
outside cell but not in vessel
7
Q
Intravascular fluid
A
in vessel but not in cell
plasma
8
Q
Fluid in ICF and ECF contain what?
A
solutes
electrolytes, salts, ions
9
Q
Cations and anions of ICF?
A
cation - potassium, magnesium
anion - phosphate
10
Q
Cations and anions of ECF?
A
cation - sodium
anion - chloride
11
Q
Water follows ___ and moves via ___
A
electrolytes
osmosis
12
Q
Water needs vary with what?
A
body size
physical activity
environmental conditions
dietary intake
13
Q
AI of water?
A
1/2 body weight in oz
15 cups for men
11 cups for women
14
Q
Water needs are met when?
A
when water inputs and outputs are balanced
15
Q
Where else do we get water from?
A
food
cellular respiration
16
Q
How much water does the combo of food and cellular respiration yield?
A
2.5 L per day
17
Q
Dehydration
A
inadequate water levels
18
Q
Why is it easy to become dehydrated?
A
insensible losses
19
Q
Insensible losses
A
water loss that we are not aware of
20
Q
Is urination an insensible loss?
A
no
21
Q
What are the symptoms of dehydration?
A
dry mouth and skin fatigue muscle weakness decreased urine output concentrated urine headache dizziness
22
Q
Who is most at risk of dehydration?
A
sick children
elderly
athletes
people who work outside in warm and humid conditions
23
Q
What controls thirst?
A
mouth
hypothalamus
nerve and hormone control
24
Q
What is ADH triggered by?
A
- high particle concentrations in blood
- hypothalamus recognizes this
- hypothalamus triggers pituitary to release ADH
25
What does ADH do?
causes kidneys to absorb water preventing losses
26
Where do we most of our sodium from?
sodium-containing food additives and food processing
27
What gets rid of sodium for us?
kidneys
28
Hypernatremia can cause what?
hypertension
29
Who is at risk for hypernatremia?
elderly
30
Hyponatremia
low blood sodium
31
What can cause hyponatremia?
GI tract illnesses
| water intoxication
32
Who is at risk for hyponatremia?
athletes
| infants
33
How does sodium relate to the small intestine?
helps absorb glucose and some amino acids here
34
How does sodium relate to nerves and muscles?
required for normal nerve and muscle function
35
Normal nerve and muscle function relies on what?
electrical charge created by the shift of sodium and potassium across cell membrane
36
Where is the net negative charge typically found?
inside cells
37
How does sodium aid in water balance?
when sodium levels are high, water is retained until levels go down
38
What is the UL for sodium?
2300 mg/day
39
% of U.S. adults that consume more than AI?
90%
40
Excess sodium leads to increased risk of...
hypertension
heart disease
stroke
41
What leads to more calcium output in urine?
greater than 2g/day of sodium
42
Blood volume
amount of fluid in the blood
43
How does high blood volume affect blood pressure?
increases blood pressure
44
Renin is released from what organ for what purpose?
released by kidneys
| reabsorb sodium
45
What is the purpose of renin related to blood volume/pressure and hormones?
renin restores blood volume/pressure
| starts activation of other hormones like aldosterone
46
Where is angiotensinogen made?
protein made in the liver
47
Where does the conversion to angiotensis II occur?
in blood stream
48
What is angiotensin II?
powerful vasoconstrictor
49
What does angiotensin II trigger?
triggers production of aldosterone
50
What does aldosterone signal?
kidneys to retain sodium in order to retain water
51
Where is aldosterone produced?
adrenal glands
52
Where is potassium found?
many unprocessed foods
53
Most adults need to do what to their potassium intake?
increase it
54
What are the functions of potassium?
- major cation in cells
- same functions as sodium
- may also reduce effects of high salt intake
55
How does potassium reduce the effects of high salt intake?
- suppresses renin-angiotensin system
- promotes secretion of sodium and water
- keeps blood pressure normal
56
What are the causes of electrolyte deficiency?
- heavy sweating
- chronic diarrhea
- vomiting
- kidney disorders
57
What are the symptoms of electrolyte deficiency?
- acid/base imbalance
- muscle cramps
- confusion
- constipation
- irregular heartbeat
- sudden death
58
What is the overall definition of a mineral?
essential, inorganic elements needed in small amounts for function, growth, and maintenance of tissues
59
What is a major mineral?
need 100 mg or more daily
| found in larger quantities in body
60
What source of minerals are the richest and have the best bioavailability?
animal sources
61
The quality of minerals is influenced by what?
agricultural practices and food processing
| the more refined, the less minerals
62
Other than bioavailibility, what else influences if a mineral will be absorbed?
physiological need
63
Bioavailibility is subject to what?
competition of absorption
64
Phytic acid
found in wheat grain. legume fiber, and unleavened breads
65
Oxalic acid
found in green leafies
66
Polyphenyls
tea, dark chocolate, wine
67
Osteons consist of
central canal
| blood vessels
68
Two types of bone
cortical (compact) bone
| trabecular (spongy) bone
69
Osteocytes
specialized bone cells
| secrete minerals
70
Trabecular bone has spaces filled with what?
red bone marrow
71
Which type of bone is strongest?
trabecular bone
72
What famous structure was modeled after the structure of trabecular bone?
Eiffel Tower
73
Bone consists of what?
protein fibers
collagen
minerals - calcium and phosphorous
74
Minerals in bone form what?
hydroxyapatite
75
Hydroxyapatite binds to what?
collagen
76
Osteoblasts
build bone
77
Osteoclasts
dissolve bone
78
The building and dissolving of bone does what?
change blood calcium levels
79
At what age do we experience peak bone density?
30
80
What causes a decrease in bone density?
osteoblast acitivity decreases while osteoclast acitivty remains the same
81
Most recognized nutrient associated with bone health?
Calcium
82
What else is essential for bone/dental health?
Vitamin D
| Fluoride
83
What is the most abundant mineral in the body?
clacium
84
How much of the adult body weight does calcium account for?
1-2%
85
What are the functions of calcium?
bone/teeth structure
| -important regulatory roles
86
What kind of regulatory roles does calcium have?
nerve transmission
muscle contraction
blood pressure regulation
release of certain hormones
87
What are the two ways that calcium is absorbed?
active transport
| passive diffusion
88
What does the absorption of calcium depend upon?
availability of active form of vitamin D
89
What are tannins, fiber, phytates, and oxalates?
anti-nutrients
90
The bioavailability of calcium is decreased in the presence of what? Why?
anti-nutrients
| calcium prefers to bind to them rather than being absorbed
91
What hormones are related to calcium?
calcitonin
| parathyroid hormone
92
What releases calcitonin?
thyroid gland
93
What does calcitonin do?
- reduces osteoclast activity to inhibit calcium release
- stimulates osteoblasts
- acts on kidney to increase calcium excretion
94
What does parathyroid hormone do?
- acts as osteoclasts in bone to release calcium
| - triggers kidney to form calcitrol
95
What does calcitrol do?
- acts on SI to increase calcium absorption
| - tells kidneys not to release calcium into urine, and activates vitamin D
96
What percentage of calcium is absorbed in adults?
25-30
97
What factors increase calcium absorption?
stomach acid
vitamin D
growth hormone
98
When bone is lost and strength declines, what is diagnosed?
osteoporosis
99
How does osteoporosis affect bones?
become fragile and more likely to break
100
What areas of the body are more likely to break with osteoporosis?
hip
wrist
vertebrae
101
Kyphosis
hunchback created by compression fractures in the vertebrae, usually as a result of osteoprosis
102
Who sees the highest rates of osteoporosis?
caucasians
| asians
103
How is osteoporosis identified?
DEXA scan
| scans bone density
104
How do you prevent osteoporosis?
- diet including calcium, vitamin D, magnesium, phosphorous, potassium, vitamin K, protein
- weight-bearing activity
- avoid smoking
- eat less meat, desserts, fried foods, alcohol, sweetened beverages
105
Vitamin C is also known as what?
ascorbic acid
| ascorbate
106
How can vitamin C be destroyed?
oxygen
light and heat
contact with copper or iron cookware
107
What are the functions of vitamin C?
- antioxidant
- helps maintain immune system
- important in production of collagen
- aids in iron absorption
108
Can the consumption of vitamin C shorten the life of a cold? Explain
No
| supplementing with vitamin C well before a cold could reduce the length and intensity of the cold
109
Explain how vitamin C acts as an antioxidant
neutralizes free radicals so they can no longer steal electrons
110
How does vitamin C aid in the production of collagen?
vitamin C hydroxalates collagen fibers, making it into a strong triple helix structure
111
What is the disease associated with vitamin C deficiency?
scurvy
112
What are the major minerals?
Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Vitamin C
