Chapter 8 - Alcohol

Question 1

What makes up an alcoholic beverage?

Answer 1

water
ethanol
sugar

Question 2

What is the energy yield of alcohol?

Answer 2

7 calories/gram

Question 3

How much alcohol can the liver metabolize?

Answer 3

1 drink per hour

Question 4

What is the definition of 1 drink in grams?

Answer 4

14 grams of alcohol

Question 5

What is the definition of 1 drink in terms of wine, beer, and distilled spirits?

Answer 5

5 fl oz wine
12 fl oz beer
1.5 fl oz distilled spirits

Question 6

Alcohol is rapidly absorbed by what and where?

Answer 6

simple diffusion

along entire GI tract

Question 7

About what percentage of alcohol is absorbed in the stomach?

Answer 7

20%

Question 8

Besides the stomach, where is the rest of alcohol absorbed?

Answer 8

duodenum

jejunum

Question 9

Alcohol affects all body systems because alcohol is a ___?

Answer 9

narcotic

Question 10

Alcohol is found wherever what is distributed in the body?

Answer 10

water

Question 11

Alcohol moves easily through cell membranes and ends up damaging what part of the membrane?

Answer 11

proteins in the membranes

Question 12

How many options are available for alcohol metabolism?

Answer 12

3

Question 13

What is the first option for alcohol metabolism?

Answer 13

alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) pathway

Question 14

What intake levels does the ADH pathway metabolize?

Answer 14

low to moderate intakes

Question 15

Which enzymes does the alcohol dehydrogenase pathway use?

Answer 15

alcohol dehydrogenase

aldehyde dehydrogenase

Question 16

What does alcohol dehydrogenase do?

Answer 16

converts alcohol to acetaldehyde

Question 17

What does aldehyde dehydrogenase do?

Answer 17

converts acetaldehyde to acetyl-CoA

Question 18

What can acetyl-CoA be used for?

Answer 18

fatty acid synthesis

Question 19

What is the chief site for alcohol metabolism?

Answer 19

liver

Question 20

What is the second option for alcohol metabolism?

Answer 20

microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS)

Question 21

What intake level does the MEOS pathway metabolize?

Answer 21

moderate to excessive alcohol intake

Question 22

When does the MEOS pathway activate?

Answer 22

when the ADH pathway can’t keep up

turbocharged metabolism

Question 23

What organ activates MEOS to help?

Answer 23

liver

Question 24

What does the MEOS produce and what does it require?

Answer 24

alcohol dehydrogenase
aldehyde dehydrogenase
requires energy

Question 25

What kind of system is MEOS?

Answer 25

inducible system | as intake increases over time, MEOS is more active

Question 26

Because MEOS is inducible, how does it affect metabolism, tolerance, and genetics?

Answer 26

allows for efficient metabolism greater tolerance (requires more alcohol to produce the same effects) some people are born with MEOS that kicks in faster

Question 27

What is the third option for alcohol metabolism?

Answer 27

catalase pathway

Question 28

How much contribution does the catalase pathway provide to alcohol metabolism?

Answer 28

minor contribution

Question 29

Where does the catalase pathway take place?

Answer 29

liver with increased consumption

Question 30

What is key to alcohol metabolism?

Answer 30

ability to produce enzymes

Question 31

Which ethnicity presents low activity of aldehyde dehydrogenase?

Answer 31

Asians

Question 32

Because people of Asian descent have low levels of aldehyde dehydrogenase, what is the result?

Answer 32

build up of toxic acetaldehyde

Question 33

What gender produces less alcohol dehydrogenase?

Answer 33

women

Question 34

Which gender has less total water?

Answer 34

women

Question 35

What happens when alcohol consumption exceeds the liver's metabolic capacity?

Answer 35

blood alcohol levels rise symptoms of alcohol intoxication appear brain and nervous system are exposed to alcohol

Question 36

What is BAC?

Answer 36

blood alcohol concentration

Question 37

What is measured in BAC?

Answer 37

amount of alcohol excreted in the lungs is measured

Question 38

Alcohol content of exhaled air and what are directly related?

Answer 38

blood

Question 39

What is acute alcohol toxicity?

Answer 39

alcohol poisioning

Question 40

What are the results of acute alcohol toxicity?

Answer 40

respiratory failure | death

Question 41

What is binge drinking?

Answer 41

4 or more drinks for women | 5 or more drinks for men

Question 42

What does long-term excessive alcohol consumption cause?

Answer 42

malnutrition

Question 43

How does alcohol consumption affect nutrient intake?

Answer 43

- decreases overall nutrient intake - interferes with nutrient absorption, storage, metabolism, and excretion - increases calorie intake

Question 44

Long-term excessive alcohol consumption generates what?

Answer 44

toxins | free radicals

Question 45

What do the toxins and free radicals cause?

Answer 45

- fatty liver - alcoholic hepatitis - cirrhosis - hypertension - heart disease - stroke - increased risk for certain cancers - Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Question 46

What is considered to be moderate drinking?

Answer 46

no more than 1 drink for women and 2 drinks for men, per day

Question 47

What are the benefits of moderate drinking?

Answer 47

- lowest mortality - reduced risk for heart disease - reduced risk for stroke

Question 48

When is fetal alcohol syndrome worst?

Answer 48

12-16 weeks