Chapter 3

Question 1

What do organ systems do?

Answer 1

work together to support the entire organism

Question 2

What is digestion?

Answer 2

process of breaking down food into components small enough to be absorbed by the body (physical and chemical)

Question 3

What is absorption?

Answer 3

process of taking substances into the interior of the body (lymph and blood stream)

Question 4

Gastrointestinal tract

Answer 4

muscular

hollow tube consisting of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus

Question 5

Transit time

Answer 5

amount of time it takes food to pass the entire length of the GI tract

Question 6

Sphincters

Answer 6

circular, muscular valves

Question 7

Feces

Answer 7

body waste

including unabsorbed food residue, bacteria, and dead cells

Question 8

What things make you want to eat?

Answer 8

sight, smell, texture, taste, hearing
cephalic portion of digestion (thought(
hunger
appetite

Question 9

When does digestion start?

Answer 9

cephalic phase
the first thought of food
hypothalamus
involuntary control
pituitary

Question 10

What happens to food in the mouth?

Answer 10

digestion and taste

Question 11

How does digestion take place in the mouth?

Answer 11

mouth physically digests via chewing and swallowing

mouth chemically digests via amylase in saliva to break down food

Question 12

What does the mouth taste?

Answer 12

sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami

Question 13

Salivary amylase

Answer 13

breaks down carbs

Question 14

Lipase

Answer 14

breaks down lipids

Question 15

Bicarbonate

Answer 15

for acidity

Question 16

What does saliva contain?

Answer 16

salivary amylase
bicarbonate
mucus
lingual lipase (infants)
antibodies and lysozyme

Question 17

How do we swallow food?

Answer 17

voluntary and involuntary phase

Question 18

What is the voluntary phase of swallowing food?

Answer 18

chewing
can choose how many times you chew
30 is standard

Question 19

What is the involuntary phase of swallowing food?

Answer 19

once you swallow
reflex
epiglottis covers the voice box and trachea moves up

Question 20

Esophagus?

Answer 20

from mouth to stomach

Question 21

How does food move through the whole GI tract?

Answer 21

via peristalsis and segmentation

Question 22

What is peristalsis?

Answer 22

tightening of the lumen to move food down

Question 23

What is segmentation?

Answer 23

breaking into smaller pieces

mechanical digestion

Question 24

What does the stomach do?

Answer 24

acts as a holding and mixing tank
doesn’t do much digestion
holds some water, fats, and 20% alcohol

Question 25

What does the stomach secrete?

Answer 25

gastrin

Question 26

What does gastrin trigger the release of?

Answer 26

``` pepsinogen HCL Intrinsic factor Pepsin Gastric Lipase Mucus Bicarbonate ```

Question 27

What gives the stomach its pH?

Answer 27

HCL

Question 28

What is intrinsic factor?

Answer 28

necessary for B12 absorption

Question 29

What is gastrin?

Answer 29

stomach hormone

Question 30

Where are gastric juices produced?

Answer 30

in gastric pits of stomach lining

Question 31

What is the purpose of bicarbonate?

Answer 31

acts as antacid

Question 32

The release of mucus and bicarbonate relies on what?

Answer 32

prostaglandins

Question 33

What can inhibit prostaglandin production?

Answer 33

NSAIDs

Question 34

What can a reduced mucus barrier lead to?

Answer 34

ulcers

Question 35

What sphincters are located near the stomach?

Answer 35

gastroesophageal | pyloric

Question 36

What causes heartburn?

Answer 36

esophageal sphincter opens and allows backflow into esophagus

Question 37

In what people is GERD common?

Answer 37

pregnant women infants (Caucasian and Asian descent) middle-aged, Caucasian, overweight, male with poor diet

Question 38

What are peptic ulcers?

Answer 38

open sores that develop in the lining of the esophagus, stomach, or upper portion of the small intestine

Question 39

What is the most common cause of stomach ulcers?

Answer 39

bacteria | H. pylori

Question 40

What aggravates ulcers?

Answer 40

stress, spicy food etc

Question 41

What does the small intestine do?

Answer 41

main digester and absorber

Question 42

What is the anatomy of the small intestine?

Answer 42

Duodenum Jejunum Illeum

Question 43

What is the purpose of the villi and microvilli in the small intestine?

Answer 43

increases surface area | used for absorption

Question 44

What is the physiology of the small intestine?

Answer 44

moves and makes chyme with digestive juices villi lined with enterocytes to absorb secretes enzymes and absorbs nutrients

Question 45

What are the four different types of nutrient absorption?

Answer 45

1. passive diffusion 2. facilitated diffusion 3. active transport 4. phagocytosis and pinocytosis

Question 46

What materials move through the body via phago and pinocytosis?

Answer 46

large quantities bulk how fats move around body

Question 47

What are the gastrointestinal accessory organs?

Answer 47

liver gallbladder pancreas

Question 48

What is meant by accessory organs?

Answer 48

not in direct contact with GI tract

Question 49

What does the liver produce?

Answer 49

bile

Question 50

What does the liver contain?

Answer 50

cholesterol

Question 51

What does the liver emulsify?

Answer 51

fats

Question 52

What happens to bile once it reaches the ileum?

Answer 52

mostly reabsorbed in the ileum | returned to the liver

Question 53

What is it called when bile is returned to the liver after hitting the ileum?

Answer 53

enterohepatic circulation