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Human Nutrition > Chapter 6 - Lipids > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - Lipids Flashcards

(93 cards)

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1
Q

What is meant by “lipid”?

A

Chemical term for fat and oil

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2
Q

What are the families of lipids?

A

triglycerides
phospholipids
sterols

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3
Q

What is the energy yield of fat?

A

9 Cals/gram

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4
Q

What percentage of energy comes from fat in the typical American diet?

A

34%

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5
Q

What is hidden fat?

A

not seen

saturated and unsaturated fats

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6
Q

What is visible fat?

A

easily seen

butters and oil pockets in salad dressing

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7
Q

What is the chemical makeup of triglycerides?

A

3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol backbone

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8
Q

What reaction releases fatty acids from glycerol?

A

hydrolysis

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9
Q

How many carbons do short-chain fatty acids have?

A

6 or fewer

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10
Q

At colder temperatures, what state do short-chain fatty acids stay in?

A

liquid

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11
Q

How many carbons do medium-chain fatty acids have?

A

6-12

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12
Q

What happens to medium-chain fatty acids at room temperature and cooler temperatures?

A

liquid at room temperature

solid when chilled

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13
Q

How many carbons are in long-chain fatty acids?

A

12 or more

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14
Q

At room temperature, what state are long-chain fatty acids in?

A

solid

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15
Q

What makes a fatty acid saturated?

A

hydrocarbon chain is saturated with hydrogen

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16
Q

What state are saturated fats in at room temperature?

A

solid

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17
Q

What is the relationship between rancidity and saturated fatty acids?

A

saturated fatty acids are more resistant to rancidity

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18
Q

What is another name for rancidity?

A

oxidation

oxidative damage

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19
Q

Where are saturated fatty acids found?

A

animal fats

tropical oils

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20
Q

What makes a fatty acid unsaturated?

A

hydrocarbon chain is not saturated with hydrogen

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21
Q

Why are unsaturated fatty acids bent?

A

they contain at least one double bond between the carbon atoms

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22
Q

What is the relationship between unsaturated fats and rancidity?

A

unsaturated fats are less resistant to rancidity

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23
Q

What oils contain unsaturated fatty acids?

A

plant oils

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24
Q

How to trans fats form?

A

via hydrogenation to artificially saturate oils

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25
What happens to trans fats in our body?
deposited in our arteries because we don't have enzymes to deal with trans-bonds
26
What kind of cholesterol is bad?
LDL
27
What kind of cholesterol is good?
HDL
28
Why do we use trans fats?
to increase shelf-life
29
What are the functions of triglycerides?
- concentrated source of energy - main fuel source for all cells except nervous system and RBCs - insulate and cushion organs - help absorb and transport fat-soluble vitamins
30
Why are omegas essential?
your body needs them but can't make them
31
What are omega-3's?
alpha-linoleic acid
32
What do omega-3's make?
EPA and DHA
33
Where are omega-3's found?
sea foods nuts seeds
34
What are omega-6's?
linoleic acid
35
What do omega-6's make?
arachidonic acid
36
Where are omega-6's found?
animal protein and veggie oils
37
What is the main function of omegas?
make eicosanoids
38
What are eicosanoids?
like hormones, but aren't hormones - work locally - effective in small doses - aren't made without omegas
39
What is the recommended omega-6 to omega-3 ratio?
5:1 to 10:1
40
What is the Western diet's omega ratio?
15:1 to 17:1
41
What properties do omega-3's present?
anti-inflammatory properties
42
What properties do omega-6's present?
pro-inflammatory properties
43
What do epidemiological studies observe?
patterns
44
What do dietary intervention studies observe?
cause and effect | purposefully change diet
45
What are the function of eicosanoids?
- regulate cell division rates - maintain normal kidney function and fluid balance - directing hormones to target cells - regulate flow of substances in and out of cells - regulate ovulation, body temp, immune system function, hormone synthesis
46
When is DHA needed?
fetal life | infancy
47
What is DHA needed for?
- normal development and function of retinas | - normal development and maturation of nervous system
48
What are phospholipids?
lipids attached to phosphate group
49
What is the major class of phospholipids?
phosphoglycerides
50
What are the functions of phospholipids?
- act as emulsifier | - lipid bilayer in cell membranes
51
Are phospholipids essential or nonessential?
nonessential | liver makes them
52
What is the structure of sterols?
carbons arranged in multi-ringed structures
53
Cholesterol is used to make what?
- sex hormones - active form of vitamin D - adrenal hormones - bile - cell membranes
54
What organ makes cholesterol?
liver
55
How much lipid digestion and absorption occurs in the mouth?
a little
56
What allows for lipid digestion and absorption in the mouth?
lingual lipase
57
How much lipid digestion/absorption happens in the stomach, and what allows for it?
a little | gastric lipase
58
How much lipid digestion/absorption happens in the small intestine, and what does it trigger?
a lot | release of CCK
59
What emulsifies fat?
bile
60
What does bile break fat down into?
micelles
61
What do micelles do for lipid digestion and absorption?
increases the surface area | allows pancreatic lipase to break down triglycerides to free fatty acids and monoglycerides
62
Where does lipid absorption occur?
by brush border of enterocytes
63
What determines where fatty acids are absorbed into?
carbon chain length
64
Where are short and medium-chain fatty acids absorbed?
cardiovascular system portal vein liver
65
Where are long-chain fatty acids absorbed?
lymphatic system
66
How is fat removed from the small intestine?
lipoproteins
67
What do lipoproteins do?
transport lipids all around the body
68
What are the four major types of lipoproteins?
chylomicrons VLDL LDL HDL
69
Where are chylomicrons made?
intestinal cells
70
What are chylomicrons made up of?
triglycerides
71
What do chylomicrons do?
- transport lipids from intestines to lymph circulation | - deposit triglycerides to skeletal muscle and adipose tissue
72
What happens to chylomicrons as fat is pulled out over time?
shrink over time
73
Where do chylomicrons end up?
liver
74
What does VLDL stand for?
Very-low-density lipoproteins
75
What is the function of VLDL?
transport lipids from liver to tissues
76
Where do VLDLs start?
liver | after consuming saturated fats
77
What are VLDLs made of?
triglycerides
78
Where do VLDLs end?
circulation
79
What does LDL stand for?
low-density lipoproteins
80
What is the function of LDL?
deliver cholesterol to tissues
81
Where does LDL start?
not made anywhere | VLDL is turned into LDL
82
What is LDL made up of?
cholesterol
83
Where does LDL end?
liver for decontruction or deposits in the arteries
84
What does HDL stand for?
high-density lipoproteins
85
What is the function of HDL?
artery scrubber | picks up cholesterol and returns it to liver
86
Where does HDL start?
liver | after consuming unsaturated fats
87
What are HDLs made up of?
45-50% protein
88
Where does HDL end?
returns cholesterol to liver
89
85.6 million Americans suffer from some form of what?
cardiovascular disease
90
What is atherosclerosis?
disease in which lipids and fibrous materials are deposited in artery walls
91
What is the number one prescribed drug of all time?
lipitor
92
How do you decrease your risk of CVD?
- increase poly and mono-unsaturated fat intake - increase plant food intake - B-vitamins - antioxidants - moderate alcohol consumption - whole foods
93
How do you increase your risk of CVD?
- saturated fat - trans fat - sodium - excess sugar

Human Nutrition (11 decks)

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