Chapter 15

Question 1

the emotional component of an L2 learner’s conscious learning process, which involves how comfortable or uncomfortable s/he is when speaking an L2

Answer 1

affective filter

Question 2

semantic case role denoting the volitional instigator (the “do‑er”) of an activity or event

Answer 2

agent

Question 3

the ability to process (linguistic) input and output quickly, unconsciously, and effortlessly, i.e., automatically, without having to think about each word or step in the process

Answer 3

automaticity

Question 4

a theory from psychology suggesting that if an L2 learner hears a stimulus in an L2 and repeats the word or sentence enough times, it will become a habit and can then be used to communicate successfully

Answer 4

behaviorism

Question 5

the study of how language is related to how humans learn and process information

Answer 5

cognitive linguistics

Question 6

pairs of words that are frequently used together, and may be learned, processed, and produced as a chunk, e.g., light lunch, pretty much, right now, etc.

Answer 6

collocations

Question 7

this refers to both a speaker’s grammatical competence and sociolinguistic competence; the knowledge of grammatical rules as well as the ability to use them in culturally appropriate ways

Answer 7

communicative competence

Question 8

database containing collected recordings of spoken or written language

Answer 8

corpus

Question 9

a methodology for linguistic analysis which examines statistically significant patterns over very large sets of discourse data with the help of computers

Answer 9

corpus linguistics

Question 10

the view that there is a biologically determined period for language to be learned naturally and perfectly; also referred to as the “sensitive period”

Answer 10

Critical Period Hypothesis (CPH)

Question 11

in secondfree morpheme‑language acquisition, an end‑state of acquisition in which the learner’s L2, still not native‑like in certain respects, does not develop further; this state can apply to linguistic items or to subsystems of the learner’s L2, such as the phonological system; that is, other subsystems, such as syntax, may continue to develop

Answer 11

fossilization

Question 12

a noun derived from a verb; frequently gerunds serve as verbal complements, as in I enjoy learning languages, where the gerund learning is part of the object complement, or Swimming laps can be tiring, where swimming is the verb of the subject complement

Answer 12

gerund

Question 13

a hypothesis proposed by Long (1996) which claims that language development is promoted by the interactions between speakers through negotiation for meaning, particularly the types of negotiation that trigger interactional adjustments by the L1 (or more competent) speaker

Answer 13

Interaction Hypothesis

Question 14

the L2 language system created by a learner; the combination of structural elements of a language learner’s first and second languages that results from the learner’s incomplete mastery of the second language

Answer 14

interlanguage

Question 15

one’s first language, often called one’s native language or mother tongue

Answer 15

L1

Question 16

one’s non‑native second language, learned as an adolescent or adult

Answer 16

L2

Question 17

expressions that recur; sometimes idiomatic; may have a range of structures

Answer 17

lexical bundles

Question 18

a cognitive process of an L2 learner; the learner’s cognitive “watchdog” that consciously reviews what the learner has said in the L2 and monitors it for correctness

Answer 18

monitor

Question 19

a type of linguistic interaction to facilitate communication; L2 learners signal difficulty in understanding their interlocutor, using conversational strategies to seek clarification or elaboration

Answer 19

negotiation for meaning

Question 20

semantic case role denoting an entity that undergoes a change of state as the result of an activity or event

Answer 20

patient

Question 21

the variations in pitch, volume, timing, and voice quality that overlay linguistic utterances

Answer 21

prosody

Question 22

a branch of both linguistics and psychology that studies the relationship between language behavior and psychological processes, especially the process of language acquisition

Answer 22

psycholinguistics

Question 23

the study of the processes by which people (children and adults) learn any language in addition to their first language

Answer 23

second language acquisition (SLA)

Question 24

a term used in phonetics to indicate individual speech sounds such as vowels, consonants, and syllables; contrasts with suprasegmentals

Answer 24

segments

Question 25

the study of the interactional, social, and cultural uses and meanings of language

Answer 25

sociocultural linguistics (sociolinguistics)

Question 26

in second‑language acquisition, a plateau stage in a learners’ L2 development; unlike fossilization, stabilization does not represent an end‑state of acquisition but rather a temporary cessation in language development for one or more subsystems

Answer 26

stabilization

Question 27

phonetic properties that extend across multiple sounds; includes syllables, stress, tone, intonation, etc.

Answer 27

suprasegmental

Question 28

process of language development involving the learning of irregular forms; learners first produce a correct form, then an incorrect form (based on analogy from learning the grammatical system), and finally the correct form again upon learning exceptions to the rules

Answer 28

U‑shaped learning

Question 29

in formal linguistic theories, a set of innate linguistic categories, structures, principles, and constraints that form the basis for the grammars of all languages; in nativist theories of language acquisition, UG is hypothesized to account for children’s first language acquisition

Answer 29

Universal Grammar (UG)