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LING 305 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

a grammatical case that marks noun phrases that occur as objects of clauses

A

accusative

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2
Q

a construction in which the semantic agent of a transitive verb is the grammatical subject

A

active voice

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3
Q

a syntactic constituent headed by an adposition; includes prepositional phrases and postpositional phrases

A

adpositional phrase

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4
Q

a dependent clause that is linked to a matrix clause by an adverbial conjunction or affix that specifies the semantic relationship between clauses, most commonly manner, time, location, quantity, condition, or cause.

A

adverbial clause

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5
Q

free word or affix that specifies the semantic relationship between clauses, e.g., conditional (English if), causal (because), temporal (when)

A

adverbial conjunction or affix

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6
Q

semantic case role denoting the volitional instigator (the “do‑er”) of an activity or event

A

agent

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7
Q

a noun phrase holding a particular grammatical status in relation to a verb; can be core or oblique

A

argument

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8
Q

semantic case role denoting an entity who benefits from an action

A

beneficiary

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9
Q

syntactic unit typically consisting of a verb (in some languages within a verb phrase), its noun phrase arguments, and adverbial elements (usually adverbs and adpositional phrases)

A

clause

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10
Q

dependent clauses that function as noun phrase arguments of verbs systematically and absolutely opposite contributions to the meaning of an expressed proposition: e.g., on/off, once/never, real/imaginary; can neither both be true nor both be false at any time; one is always true, and the other false

A

complement clauses

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11
Q

a sentence with more than one clause

A

complex sentence

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12
Q

a sub‑part of a higher unit

A

constituent

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13
Q

the constituents of a unit and their structural relationships

A

constituent structure

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14
Q

fixed grammatical patterns associated with particular functions

A

constructions

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15
Q

the combination of two independent elements of the same type using a conjunction; in clause‑combining, refers to the formation of a complex sentence by linking two clauses using a conjunction; contrasts with subordination

A

coordination

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16
Q

a special type of verb, such as be in English, which denotes a relation between two noun phrases (e.g., he is a teacher) or between a noun phrase and an adjective (e.g., he is tall)

A

copula

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17
Q

a noun or adjective which is related to the subject in a copula clause

A

copula complement

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18
Q

an argument that has a direct grammatical relationship with a verb

A

core argument

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19
Q

two or more morphemes, words, or other linguistic forms that index (i.e., point to, refer to) the same entity (i.e., the referent, thing referred to)

A

coreference / coreferential

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20
Q

a nominal case used with semantic recipient noun phrases of ditransitive verbs

A

dative

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21
Q

an element that modifies and is structurally subordinate to a head; can refer to words, phrases, and clauses

A

dependent

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22
Q

grammatical relation based on morphosyntactic behavior shared by the object of transitive verbs and the non‑recipient object of ditransitive verbs

A

direct object

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23
Q

verbs that take at most three core arguments

A

ditransitive

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24
Q

a construction in English and some other languages in which the two objects of a ditransitive verb are positioned directly following the verb, with the semantic recipient first; e.g., John gave Fred the book

A

double‑object construction

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25
Q

semantic case role denoting an entity that experiences a physical or emotional state

A

experiencer

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26
Q

linguistic theories that analyze structures independently of function, instead constructing a formal model of linguistic knowledge based on abstract categories, structures, and principles; the model is posited to represent a single Universal Grammar taken to be part of humankind’s genetic endowment

A

formal theory

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27
Q

linguistic theory based on the premise that language is shaped by its role as a tool of human communication, including its embedding in general human cognition and its role in human social, cultural, and communicative interaction; focuses on both formal and functional properties of language; takes naturally occurring discourse as the primary source of data that has bearing on the central questions of the field

A

functional discourse‑based theory

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28
Q

semantic case role denoting the endpoint of a motion trajectory

A

goal

29
Q

relationships between core arguments and verbs and that are marked by particular grammatical behaviors, such as agreement, case‑markers, or constraints on ordering

A

grammatical relations

30
Q

the element that determines the syntactic function of a phrase (e.g., a phrase headed by a noun is called a noun phrase and occupies the syntactic position of a noun within a clause); must be present for its modifiers or dependents to appear

A

head

31
Q

the noun in a noun phrase; typically mentioned in contrast to its dependents; sometimes specifically refers to the noun modified by a dependent relative clause

A

head noun

32
Q

grammatical relation pertaining only to the recipient object of ditransitive verbs

A

indirect object

33
Q

semantic case role denoting an entity that is used to perform an action

A

instrument

34
Q

verbs that take at most one core argument

A

intransitive

35
Q

a schematic representation of the hierarchical structure of a phrase, clause, or sentence; includes a labeled node for each phrase and labels for word classes

A

labeled tree diagram

36
Q

semantic relation of location and/or the grammatical marking of location by case; refers to static location when contrasting with categories of source and/or goal.

A

locative

37
Q

the grammatically primary clause in a complex sentence; the head clause upon which other clauses are dependent; similar to a main clause, but also implies a relationship with a dependent clause

A

matrix clause

38
Q

a grammatical case that marks noun phrases that occur as subjects of clauses

A

nominative

39
Q

a syntactic constituent headed by a noun or pronoun; optionally includes one or more dependent modifiers

A

noun phrase

40
Q

grammatical relation based on morphosyntactic behavior pertaining to the less agentive arguments of transitive and ditransitive verbs; includes direct objects and indirect objects

A

object

41
Q

complement clause that functions as the grammatical object of a verb

A

object complement

42
Q

noun phrase dependent on an adposition in an adpositional phrase

A

object of an adposition (preposition/postposition)

43
Q

argument that does not have a direct grammatical relationship with a verb; oblique arguments typically convey information external to the strict verbal semantics (such as spatial, temporal, or logical relations), so are often “optional” elements of the clause

A

oblique argument

44
Q

in English, compound verbs containing a verb plus a particle that historically developed from a preposition but no longer functions as one

A

particle verb

45
Q

a construction which allows the semantic patient to function as the grammatical subject of an intransitive clause; agentive arguments are either unexpressed or placed in an adpositional phrase

A

passive voice

46
Q

semantic case role denoting an entity that undergoes a change of state as the result of an activity or event

A

patient

47
Q

a structurally defined subpart of a sentence, including a head and optional dependents; used in Chapter 10 to a sequence of words within a single intonation unit

A

phrase

48
Q

a question that one could answer with a simple ‘yes’ or ‘no’ response; contrasts with content questions (also known as wh‑questions) that ask for a specific piece of information, such as when something will or did occur.

A

polar question

49
Q

(syntax) the central structural element of a clause, typically a verb, that determines the number and type of core arguments of the clause; (traditional) the portion of the clause that conveys information about the subject (e.g., the state or activity), typically consisting of the verb, its objects, adverbials, adjectives, or other modifiers;

A

predicate (i) (noun)

50
Q

(semantics) the part of a proposition that is actually proposed, ‘put forth’, i.e., predicated about a subject

A

predicate (ii) (verb)

51
Q

adjective that occurs as the primary element of the predicate, e.g., He is tall.

A

predicate adjective

52
Q

noun phrase that occurs as the primary element of the predicate, e.g., He is a millionaire.

A

predicate nominal

53
Q

a verb that can substitute for a verb phrase; e.g., English do

A

pro‑verb

54
Q

semantic case role denoting an entity that receives a theme

A

recipient

55
Q

the ability for a phrasal constituent to embed another phrasal constituent of the same type within it; e.g. the English prepositional phrases in the cat on the pillow in the corner of the room

A

recursion

56
Q

a dependent clause embedded in a noun phrase that modifies a noun

A

relative clause

57
Q

semantic (meaning) relationships between verbs and arguments; distinct from grammatical relationships

A

semantic case roles

58
Q

an integrated syntactic unit consisting of at least one clause and optionally adverbials that have scope over the sentence as a whole

A

sentence

59
Q

semantic case role denoting the beginning point of a motion trajectory

A

source

60
Q

grammatical relation based on morphosyntactic behavior shared by the single argument of an intransitive verb and the more agentive argument of a transitive or ditransitive verb, but not shared by other arguments

A

subject

61
Q

a word or affix that marks an adverbial subordinate clause by specifying the specific semantic relationship between the adverbial clause and the matrix clause (e.g., English if, because, when, although)

A

subordinating conjunction

62
Q

the set of grammatical structures that allow for the combination of words into phrases and sentences the study of such structures and the principles underlying them

A

syntax

63
Q

semantic case role denoting a location in time

A

temporal

64
Q

semantic case role denoting an entity undergoing motion or being located

A

theme

65
Q

verbs that take two core arguments

A

transitive

66
Q

property of a verb to take a particular number of arguments

A

transitivity (i)

67
Q

the extent to which a verb expresses an action that affects a participant

A

transitivity (ii)

68
Q

syntactic constituent consisting of a verb as the head of the phrase, and optional dependents including adverbs, prepositional phrases, object noun phrases, and indirect objects in prepositional phrases

A

verb phrase

69
Q

a grammatical construction providing alternate mappings between semantic roles and grammatical relations; includes active and passive

A

voice

LING 305 (15 decks)

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