Chapter 11

Question 1

the phonological characteristics of a speaker’s variety

Answer 1

accent

Question 2

a construction in which the semantic agent of a transitive verb is the grammatical subject

Answer 2

active voice

Question 3

a variety of English spoken primarily by African Americans; it is overwhelmingly similar to other varieties of English but contains a number of distinctive grammatical, phonological, and lexical features

Answer 3

African American English (AAE)

Question 4

in socio‑linguistics, code‑switching that occurs between clauses

Answer 4

alternation (ii)

Question 5

able to speak two dialects

Answer 5

bidialectal

Question 6

the use of two or more languages in the same interaction or utterance, while conforming to the phonological and grammatical system of each language

Answer 6

code‑switching

Question 7

a social group that jointly engages in culturally meaningful activities and often develops distinctive ways of speaking

Answer 7

community of practice

Question 8

a variety of a language that is characteristic of a group defined on the basis of geographic or social factors, and that is mutually intelligible with other dialects of the same language despite differences in phonology or grammar

Answer 8

dialect

Question 9

a multidialectal or multilingual situation in which two varieties of speech (either dialects or languages) are used in different social domains; if three or more languages or dialects are involved, the term multiglossia is used

Answer 9

diglossia

Question 10

a lexical item that is independent of the grammar of the clause but performs discourse‑level or interactional functions

Answer 10

discourse marker

Question 11

code‑switching that occurs at a discourse marker

Answer 11

discourse‑marker switch

Question 12

In English, the use of uninflected be as an aspectual marker indicating habitual or repeated activity, rather than as a copula

Answer 12

habitual be

Question 13

the social positioning of self and other, including demographic categories, styles, relational roles, interactional roles, stances, and personas

Answer 13

identity

Question 14

in socio‑cultural linguistics, to use language symbolically to convey a social meaning

Answer 14

index (ii) (verb)

Question 15

the use of language to convey a context‑specific meaning

Answer 15

indexicality

Question 16

code‑switching of a lexical item within a single clause

Answer 16

insertion (ii)

Question 17

a role within social interaction that performs a specific linguistic activity such as narrating, asking a question, etc.

Answer 17

interactional role

Question 18

the L2 language system created by a learner; the combination of structural elements of a language learner’s first and second languages that results from the learner’s incomplete mastery of the second language

Answer 18

interlanguage

Question 19

a culturally shared belief or attitude about language and its users

Answer 19

language ideology

Question 20

use of identical inflection across different forms of the same lexical item

Answer 20

leveling

Question 21

(verb) the phonological and grammatical integration of a lexical item from one language into another language; (noun) a loanword from a lexical word class

Answer 21

lexical borrowing

Question 22

linguistic feature: a specific form used by a speaker at any linguistic level, including the pronunciation of a specific vowel or consonant, the use of a particular grammatical structure, a certain lexical choice, or a particular interactional practice

Answer 22

linguistic feature

Question 23

the range of linguistic varieties available to a speaker

Answer 23

linguistic repertoire

Question 24

a cover term for any type of linguistic system with characteristic phonological, grammatical, and lexical features, including languages, dialects, registers, and styles

Answer 24

linguistic variety

Question 25

a word that has been borrowed into one language from another language; see borrowing

Answer 25

loanword

Question 26

a person who speaks one language, or a society in which one only language is spoken (the latter situation is rare); contrasts with bilingual and multilingual

Answer 26

monolingual

Question 27

a person who speaks three or more languages or a society in which multiple languages are spoken; contrasts with monolingual and bilingual

Answer 27

multilingual

Question 28

the marking of negation in more than one possible grammatical position

Answer 28

negative concord

Question 29

in English, a wh‑question in which the subject precedes the verb

Answer 29

non‑inverted question

Question 30

relating to the pronunciation of /r/ as a vowel

Answer 30

nonrhotic

Question 31

a social type that may be associated with particular personal attributes or with a broader social group

Answer 31

persona

Question 32

the pronunciation of /r/ after a vowel; in American English, the r‑less variant is found in African American English and in the Southern and Eastern United States

Answer 32

postvocalic /r/

Question 33

within a single language, variability is inherent based on social, situational, and other factors

Answer 33

principle of language variation

Question 34

many different languages are spoken around the world, and often more than one language is used in a single community or in interactions between communities

Answer 34

principle of linguistic diversity

Question 35

particular prosodic patterns associated with particular individuals or with particular speech usages such as oratory or acting

Answer 35

prosodic styles

Question 36

a variety that is associated with the specialized activities of a particular group

Answer 36

register

Question 37

a social or cultural role that carries with it a set of social rights, obligations, relationships, and areas of expertise

Answer 37

relational role

Question 38

relating to the pronunciation of /r/

Answer 38

rhotic

Question 39

a set of rapidly changing lexical items often associated with youth and casual social contexts

Answer 39

slang

Question 40

the study of the interactional, social, and cultural uses and meanings of language

Answer 40

sociocultural linguistics (sociolinguistics)

Question 41

a linguistic feature that varies either across speakers or in the speech of a single speaker

Answer 41

sociolinguistic variable

Question 42

one of the alternate forms of the same sociolinguistic variable, conditioned by linguistic and/or social factors

Answer 42

sociolinguistic variant

Question 43

an interactional position that linguistically indicates the speaker’s attitude toward the talk and toward his or her interlocutors at a given moment

Answer 43

stance

Question 44

a prestige variety of a language that is implicitly or explicitly recognized as being the norm within a nation, often deliberately‑engineered and given legal status, and usually taught in schools and used in print and broadcast media

Answer 44

standard (language)

Question 45

a socially distinctive way of doing things, including a distinctive way of using language

Answer 45

style

Question 46

individual speaker’s alternation between different varieties of the same language based on social context

Answer 46

style-shifting

Question 47

code‑switching that occurs at a discourse marker

Answer 47

tag-switching

Question 48

the linguistic variety used in everyday speech in casual settings

Answer 48

vernacular

Question 49

a language ideology regarding how women are expected to speak

Answer 49

"women’s language"

Question 50

absence of an auxiliary verb that is typically overtly expressed

Answer 50

zero auxiliary

Question 51

absence of a copula verb that is typically overtly expressed

Answer 51

zero copula