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LING 305 > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

the phonological characteristics of a speaker’s variety

A

accent

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2
Q

a construction in which the semantic agent of a transitive verb is the grammatical subject

A

active voice

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3
Q

a variety of English spoken primarily by African Americans; it is overwhelmingly similar to other varieties of English but contains a number of distinctive grammatical, phonological, and lexical features

A

African American English (AAE)

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4
Q

in socio‑linguistics, code‑switching that occurs between clauses

A

alternation (ii)

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5
Q

able to speak two dialects

A

bidialectal

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6
Q

the use of two or more languages in the same interaction or utterance, while conforming to the phonological and grammatical system of each language

A

code‑switching

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7
Q

a social group that jointly engages in culturally meaningful activities and often develops distinctive ways of speaking

A

community of practice

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8
Q

a variety of a language that is characteristic of a group defined on the basis of geographic or social factors, and that is mutually intelligible with other dialects of the same language despite differences in phonology or grammar

A

dialect

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9
Q

a multidialectal or multilingual situation in which two varieties of speech (either dialects or languages) are used in different social domains; if three or more languages or dialects are involved, the term multiglossia is used

A

diglossia

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10
Q

a lexical item that is independent of the grammar of the clause but performs discourse‑level or interactional functions

A

discourse marker

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11
Q

code‑switching that occurs at a discourse marker

A

discourse‑marker switch

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12
Q

In English, the use of uninflected be as an aspectual marker indicating habitual or repeated activity, rather than as a copula

A

habitual be

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13
Q

the social positioning of self and other, including demographic categories, styles, relational roles, interactional roles, stances, and personas

A

identity

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14
Q

in socio‑cultural linguistics, to use language symbolically to convey a social meaning

A

index (ii) (verb)

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15
Q

the use of language to convey a context‑specific meaning

A

indexicality

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16
Q

code‑switching of a lexical item within a single clause

A

insertion (ii)

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17
Q

a role within social interaction that performs a specific linguistic activity such as narrating, asking a question, etc.

A

interactional role

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18
Q

the L2 language system created by a learner; the combination of structural elements of a language learner’s first and second languages that results from the learner’s incomplete mastery of the second language

A

interlanguage

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19
Q

a culturally shared belief or attitude about language and its users

A

language ideology

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20
Q

use of identical inflection across different forms of the same lexical item

A

leveling

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21
Q

(verb) the phonological and grammatical integration of a lexical item from one language into another language; (noun) a loanword from a lexical word class

A

lexical borrowing

22
Q

linguistic feature: a specific form used by a speaker at any linguistic level, including the pronunciation of a specific vowel or consonant, the use of a particular grammatical structure, a certain lexical choice, or a particular interactional practice

A

linguistic feature

23
Q

the range of linguistic varieties available to a speaker

A

linguistic repertoire

24
Q

a cover term for any type of linguistic system with characteristic phonological, grammatical, and lexical features, including languages, dialects, registers, and styles

A

linguistic variety

25
Q

a word that has been borrowed into one language from another language; see borrowing

A

loanword

26
Q

a person who speaks one language, or a society in which one only language is spoken (the latter situation is rare); contrasts with bilingual and multilingual

A

monolingual

27
Q

a person who speaks three or more languages or a society in which multiple languages are spoken; contrasts with monolingual and bilingual

A

multilingual

28
Q

the marking of negation in more than one possible grammatical position

A

negative concord

29
Q

in English, a wh‑question in which the subject precedes the verb

A

non‑inverted question

30
Q

relating to the pronunciation of /r/ as a vowel

A

nonrhotic

31
Q

a social type that may be associated with particular personal attributes or with a broader social group

A

persona

32
Q

the pronunciation of /r/ after a vowel; in American English, the r‑less variant is found in African American English and in the Southern and Eastern United States

A

postvocalic /r/

33
Q

within a single language, variability is inherent based on social, situational, and other factors

A

principle of language variation

34
Q

many different languages are spoken around the world, and often more than one language is used in a single community or in interactions between communities

A

principle of linguistic diversity

35
Q

particular prosodic patterns associated with particular individuals or with particular speech usages such as oratory or acting

A

prosodic styles

36
Q

a variety that is associated with the specialized activities of a particular group

A

register

37
Q

a social or cultural role that carries with it a set of social rights, obligations, relationships, and areas of expertise

A

relational role

38
Q

relating to the pronunciation of /r/

A

rhotic

39
Q

a set of rapidly changing lexical items often associated with youth and casual social contexts

A

slang

40
Q

the study of the interactional, social, and cultural uses and meanings of language

A

sociocultural linguistics (sociolinguistics)

41
Q

a linguistic feature that varies either across speakers or in the speech of a single speaker

A

sociolinguistic variable

42
Q

one of the alternate forms of the same sociolinguistic variable, conditioned by linguistic and/or social factors

A

sociolinguistic variant

43
Q

an interactional position that linguistically indicates the speaker’s attitude toward the talk and toward his or her interlocutors at a given moment

A

stance

44
Q

a prestige variety of a language that is implicitly or explicitly recognized as being the norm within a nation, often deliberately‑engineered and given legal status, and usually taught in schools and used in print and broadcast media

A

standard (language)

45
Q

a socially distinctive way of doing things, including a distinctive way of using language

A

style

46
Q

individual speaker’s alternation between different varieties of the same language based on social context

A

style-shifting

47
Q

code‑switching that occurs at a discourse marker

A

tag-switching

48
Q

the linguistic variety used in everyday speech in casual settings

A

vernacular

49
Q

a language ideology regarding how women are expected to speak

A

“women’s language”

50
Q

absence of an auxiliary verb that is typically overtly expressed

A

zero auxiliary

51
Q

absence of a copula verb that is typically overtly expressed

A

zero copula

LING 305 (15 decks)

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