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LING 305 > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

broadly, the relation between words with opposite meanings; narrowly, just the relation gradable contraries

A

antonymy

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2
Q

the meanings conventionally associated with a linguistic form; contrasts with utterance meaning

A

coded content

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3
Q

a pair of expressions that make

A

complementary antonyms (aka complemetaries)

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4
Q

compositionality (principle of): the idea that the meaning of a complex expression should be a regular function of the meanings of its parts

A

compositionality (principle of)

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5
Q

the study of how the meanings of complex expressions are built up from, or otherwise related to, the senses of their individual parts; also see lexical semantics

A

compositional semantics

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6
Q

a figure of thought that allows one complex frame to be conceptualized in terms of another frame; e.g., UP is GOOD (the evaluative frame associated with good is conceptualized in terms of the spatial frame associated with up)

A

conceptual metaphor

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7
Q

any effect or association arising from the use of a meaningful expression, aside from its reference; contrasts with an expression’s denotation, that is, its effects on reference

A

connotation

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8
Q

the process of understanding an expressed meaning; the imaginative enactment of propositional contents in the mind of a language user

A

construal

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9
Q

a pair of lexemes or other expressions that denote opposite ends on a scale of alternatives: e.g., short/tall, quiet/loud, eager/shy; cannot both be true at any time, but both may be false

A

contrary antonyms (aka contraries)

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10
Q

a customary way of doing something in a community; an arbitrary behavior that people adhere to because they expect others to do the same

A

convention

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11
Q

a pair of lexemes or other expressions that denote the same situation from differing or “opposite” perspectives, e.g., give/take, learn/teach, above/below

A

converse antonyms (aka converses)

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12
Q

words or constructions that point to some aspect of an utterance context, e.g., the place and time of an utterance (here, now), speaker (I), addressee (you)

A

deictic expressions

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13
Q

a symbolic pointing relation between a linguistic sign and its context of utterance

A

deixis

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14
Q

the thing, state or event that a linguistic expression refers to in the real world, or, more precisely, in some large set of possible worlds; the potential referents of an expression

A

denotation

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15
Q

a standard way of representing a mental or social lexicon as a list of lexemes ordered alphabetically by spelling, each with information about its uses, its senses, and its pronunciations

A

dictionary

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16
Q

those aspects of an expression’s meaning that reflect a speaker’s attitude toward or evaluation of what is spoken about

A

emotive content

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17
Q

the mental encyclopedia contains knowledge that supplements the lexicon and includes information not included in a lexeme’s semantic contents; more generally, encyclopedic knowledge encompasses both general and expert knowledge about the world

A

encyclopedias and encyclopedic knowledge

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18
Q

a relation between two propositions, P and Q, such that if P is true and P entails Q, then Q must also be true

A

entailment

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19
Q

a reusable linguistic form

A

expression

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20
Q

the depiction of a static situation—like a road over some terrain, or a sloping roof—as a path that one imaginatively travels; e.g., the road winds through the mountains, the roof slopes gently {up/down}

A

fictive motion

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21
Q

the background knowledge associated with an expression, distinct from its profile

A

frame, semantic

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22
Q

the participants and relations in a semantic frame

A

frame elements

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23
Q

lexemes or expressions that share the same form (in spelling, in pronunciation, or in both) but have different senses; e.g., sea and see

A

homonyms

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24
Q

a term, a, which is less specific than some other term, b, and which therefore has a broader denotation; thus move is a hypernym of walk, and cook is a hypernym of fry

A

hypernym

25
Q

a term, a, which is more specific than some other term, b, and which therefore has a narrower denotation; thus amble is a hyponym of walk, and mumble is a hyponym of speak

A

hyponym

26
Q

a type of sign for which the signifier somehow resembles its signified; contrasts with index and symbol

A

icon

27
Q

any visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory or somato‑sensory associations that a linguistic expression may have

A

imagery

28
Q

in semantics, a type of sign for which the signifier and the signified are somehow physically or causally connected; contrasts with icon and symbol

A

index (i) (noun)

29
Q

the use of language to convey a context‑specific meaning

A

indexicality

30
Q

occurring across separate conscious minds through shared experience and consensus

A

intersubjective

31
Q

the study of the kinds of meanings associated with individual expressions, including morphemes, lexemes, and idioms; contrasts with compositional semantics

A

lexical semantics

32
Q

the mental dictionary; the speaker’s knowledge of the words of a language and how they are used

A

lexicon

33
Q

the extension of an expression typically used in one domain to use in another, e.g., the term leap, which refers to a kind of jump, is now often used metaphorically in such expressions as a leap of faith; based on analogical reasoning

A

metaphor

34
Q

a kind of semantic shift whereby the meaning of a word, expression, or construction comes to refer to an associated object or situation; e.g. be going to shifting from denoting a motion event to denoting future tense or purpose.

A

metonymy

35
Q

a sentence that expresses two propositions both of which cannot be simultaneously true; a useful device for testing the entailments of lexemes

A

paradox

36
Q

one of several ways of construing a situation

A

perspective

37
Q

the property of having multiple, distinct, and incompatible senses

A

polysemy

38
Q

the study of how context shapes our use and interpretation of linguistic expressions; the competence to draw from context plausible inferences, which complement linguistic meanings

A

pragmatics

39
Q

a background proposition that comes embedded in the use of a construction, and which gets expressed without being asserted

A

presupposition

40
Q

the primary figure, or focus of attention within a larger conceptual structure, or frame; the profile is what an expression designates within a frame

A

profile

41
Q

a basic unit of thought; something which one could believe or know, which could be true or false

A

proposition

42
Q

those aspects of an expression’s meaning that affect the truth conditions of an expressed proposition

A

propositional content

43
Q

a salient exemplar or subtype of a category

A

prototype

44
Q

a way of reasoning about a category based on one or a few especially salient models or exemplars

A

prototype effect

45
Q

the relation between a linguistic expression and its potential referents

A

reference

46
Q

the “real world” objects of thought and language; people, objects, and situations that exist independently of human language, but toward which human language may be directed

A

referents

47
Q

a variety that is associated with the specialized activities of a particular group

A

register

48
Q

lexemes or constructions denoting motion or change in opposite directions; e.g., melt:freeze, come:go, buy:sell

A

reversive antonyms (aka reversives)

49
Q

in semantics, a dynamic frame, consisting of a series of events or scenarios that unfold through time

A

script

50
Q

the study of how linguistic forms make sense (have meaning); the relation between morphosyntactic forms and their coded semantic content

A

semantics

51
Q

the conventional significance (i.e., meaning) of a linguistic sign (such as a word)

A

sense

52
Q

a linguistic expression, drawing, or other representation associated with a meaning or conception; a sign has two parts: a formal part, that is the signifier, and a conceptual part, that is the signified

A

sign

53
Q

the content of a sign; the conceptual content conventionally associated with a signifier

A

signified

54
Q

the form of a sign; that aspect of a sign that expresses a meaning

A

signifier

55
Q

a type of sign for which the relation between the signifier and the signified is a matter of convention; contrasts with icon and index

A

symbol

56
Q

a relation between lexemes or other expressions that make the same or similar contributions to the sense of a sentence

A

synonymy

57
Q

a lexical field in which lexemes are arranged in a branching hierarchy of inclusion relations, e.g. the lexical field of animals includes a branch of dogs which includes a branch of poodles

A

taxonomy

58
Q

what a speaker intends to express by his or her use of language in a particular context

A

utterance meaning

59
Q

the quality of having a relatively broad—or broadly undefined— sense, and thus encompassing a relatively wide range of possible referents

A

vagueness

LING 305 (15 decks)

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