Chapter 15

Question 1

How DNA makes a functional protein. This is a portion of DNA that will be made into a protein.
Piece or segment of DNA that makes proteins or different amounts of proteins. A unit of heredity, a segment of DNA that encodes RNA and/or a protein.

Answer 1

Genes

Question 2

How we take a gene and make a protein from it.

Answer 2

Gene Expression

Question 3

Gene Expression in Prokaryotes:

Answer 3

DNA –(transcription- make RNA)–> mRNA–(translation-make protein)–> Protein

Question 4

Gene Expression in Eukaryotes:

Answer 4

DNA–(transcription)–> pre mRNA–(RNA processing-take DNA to make mRNA)–> mature mRNA–(translation)–> Protein

Question 5

Make an RNA copy of DNA. The process of making mRNA from DNA.

Answer 5

Transcription

Question 6

Where transcription begins on DNA. The signal on the strand of DNA that begins transcription. Site of RNA polymerase binding.

Answer 6

Promoter

Question 7

Where transcription ends. The signal on strand of DNA that ends transcription.

Answer 7

Terminator

Question 8

mRNA cannot be made until what is activated?

Answer 8

The promoter

Question 9

Site for the binding of regulatory proteins. The role of the regulatory proteins is to influence the rate of transcription. These can be found in a variety of locations.

Answer 9

Regulatory sequences

Question 10

Contains the information that specifies an amino acid sequence.

Answer 10

Transcribed region

Question 11

Steps of Transcription:

Answer 11

1.) Initiation
2.) Elongation-RNA polymerase
3.) Termination

Question 12

This term describes the strand of DNA that the mRNA copy will be made from. Only 1 strand of DNA is used to make RNA which is known as this. RNA synthesized from this, a non-coding strand. Strand varies between genes

Answer 12

template or template strand

Question 13

Direction of transcription. Direction RNA synthesized is….

Answer 13

5’ to 3’

Question 14

makes RNA, that’s transcription. This enzyme makes RNA.

Answer 14

RNA polymerase

Question 15

Reads DNA and uses it to make RNA.

Answer 15

Elongation RNA polymerase.

Question 16

DNA double helix is not a template strand, it is the what? Goes in what direction?

Answer 16

The coding strand DNA. 5’ to 3’

Question 17

The template DNA or complementary DNA sequence goes in what direction?

Answer 17

3’ to 5’

Question 18

Order of Transcription and Translation:

Answer 18

1.) coding strand: starting point–5’ to 3’
2.) template strand: opposite of starting point– 3’ to 5’
3.) Start Transcription:
- mRNA: use AUGC – 5’ to 3’
4.) Start Translation:
- tRNA: AUCG opposing from previous one (anti-codons)
- polypeptide: translate tRNA (amino acids)

Question 19

In eukaryotes, this is the process of making a mature mRNA from pre-mRNA. Pre-mRNA to mature mRNA.

Answer 19

RNA processing

Question 20

RNA processing in Eukaryotes include:

Answer 20

1.) Splicing
-exons, introns
2.) 5’ cap and 3’ poly A tail

Question 21

Cut some sequencing out and leave some mRNA in. The process of removing introns from RNA and linking together exons.

Answer 21

Splicing

Question 22

Stay expressed

Answer 22

exons

Question 23

removed

Answer 23

introns

Question 24

Allow mRNA to be recognized and exit nucleus.

Answer 24

5’ cap

Question 25

Stabilize mRNA. This addition during RNA processing stabilizes mRNA.

Answer 25

3' poly A tail

Question 26

This molecule carries DNA's message out of the nucleus.

Answer 26

mRNA

Question 27

When mRNA is translated into a polypeptide. Take mRNA to make a protein. The process of making proteins from mRNA.

Answer 27

Translation

Question 28

3 mRNA nucleotides which specify an amino acid. Sequence of 3 mRNA's that are read together.

Answer 28

codon

Question 29

START making protein. AUG (methionine)

Answer 29

start codon

Question 30

STOP making protein. Include UAA, UAG, UGA.

Answer 30

Stop/Termination/Nonsense Codons

Question 31

Needs it to make amino acids

Answer 31

Codon table

Question 32

More than one codon can specify the same amino acid.

Answer 32

Degenerate

Question 33

Last part of translation involves this. This part of translation allows binding of this to mRNA codon. Transfer RNA. DNA sequence of gene transcribed into mRNA.

Answer 33

tRNA

Question 34

3 RNA nucleotide part of tRNA molecule. The set of 3 tRNA's that are read together and are complimentary to mRNA.

Answer 34

anticodon

Question 35

What brings amino acid to ribosome? This form of RNA has an amino acid attached.

Answer 35

tRNA

Question 36

Cloverleaf pattern. Recognizes mRNA codon and has amino acid attached.

Answer 36

tRNA

Question 37

charging tRNA, adding amino acid to acceptor stem. Adding amino acid to tRNA "charging."

Answer 37

Aminoacylation

Question 38

Where does translation take place?

Answer 38

Ribosome

Question 39

Translation that happens in the ribosome is located in...

Answer 39

cytosol

Question 40

Composed of rRNA and proteins

Answer 40

Ribosome

Question 41

Ribosome shape is determined by what?

Answer 41

rRNA

Question 42

make proteins. found in cytoplasm/rough ER. Location of translation.

Answer 42

Ribosome

Question 43

Discrete sites for tRNA binding and polypeptide synthesis.

Answer 43

Ribosome

Question 44

peptidyl site

Answer 44

P site

Question 45

aminoacyl site

Answer 45

A site

Question 46

exit site

Answer 46

E site

Question 47

Steps of Translation:

Answer 47

1.) Initiation 2.) Elongation 3.) Termination

Question 48

mRNA is translated at the ribosome into a polypeptide.

Answer 48

Translation

Question 49

mRNA, tRNA, and the ribosomal subunits form a complex.

Answer 49

Translation-Initiation

Question 50

The ribosome travels in the 5- to 3' direction and synthesizes a polypeptide.

Answer 50

Translation-Elongation

Question 51

The ribosome reaches a stop codon and all of the components disassemble, releasing a completed polypeptide.

Answer 51

Translation-Termination

Question 52

In eukaryotes, 5' cap recognized. Initiator tRNA binds to start codon (mRNA).

Answer 52

Translation-Initiation

Question 53

Aminoacyl tRNA brings a new amino acid to the A site. Binding occurs due to codon/anticodon recognition.

Answer 53

Translation-Elongation

Question 54

When a stop codon is found in the A site, translation ends. 3 stop codons (UAA, UAG, UGA). Recognized by release factors.

Answer 54

Translation-Termination

Question 55

___________is directly produced from the transcription of a eukaryotic gene. A.) rRNA B.) pre-mRNA C.) mRNA D.) DNA E.) Protein

Answer 55

B.) pre-mRNA

Question 56

Which of the following statements about RNA polymerase in bacteria is INCORRECT? A.) It binds the promoter region of a gene. B.) It is bound to a sigma factor during initiation of transcription. C.) It synthesizes RNA. D. It catalyzes the addition of nucleotides to the 5' end of a growing RNA strand. E.) It dissociates from the DNA at the terminator.

Answer 56

D. It catalyzes the addition of nucleotides to the 5' end of a growing RNA strand.

Question 57

Which of the following would occur if a cell's spliceosomes were mutated so they no longer functioned normally? A.) Introns would remain in the mature mRNA. B.) Exons would be missing in the mature mRNA. C.) Transcription would cease. D.) A functional protein would still be produced. E.) RNA processing would remain intact.

Answer 57

A.) Introns would remain in the mature mRNA.

Question 58

The relationship between the coding and template DNA strands is complimentary or the same?

Answer 58

complimentary

Question 59

The relationship between the template DNA strand and the mRNA sequence is complementary or the same?

Answer 59

complimentary

Question 60

The relationship between the coding DNA strand and the mRNA sequence is complementary or same (with U replacing T)?

Answer 60

same (with U replacing T)

Question 61

The relationship between mRNA and tRNA is complimentary or the same?

Answer 61

complimentary

Question 62

The polypeptide sequence is determined from the codon or anti-codon?

Answer 62

codon