Chapter 3

Question 1

Compound containing carbon, found in living things.

Answer 1

Organic compound

Question 2

What are the 4 types of Macromolecules/Biological Molecules?

Answer 2

• Carbohydrates
• Proteins
• Lipids
• Nucleic Acids

Question 3

Made up of monomers

Answer 3

Polymer Poly means many

Question 4

Building blocks of polymers. Usually referring to same type of “block” that makes up something larger.

Answer 4

Monomers mono means one

Question 5

What are all 7 types of Carbohydrates?

Answer 5

• Monosaccharides
• Disaccharides
• Polysacchardies
• Starch
• Glucagon
• Cellulose
• Chitin

Question 6

Give you quick energy
Example: glucose is most common, anything ending in “ose”
Simple sugars.

Answer 6

Monosaccharides

Question 7

Give you quick energy. 2 combines monosaccharides.
Example: maltose, lactose (milk sugar), fructose, sucrose (table sugar)
Formed when dehydration reaction joins 2 monosaccharides

Answer 7

Disaccharides

Question 8

For long term energy. Your body has to break it down to give you energy.
For storage and structure. Joining of a lot of monosaccharides. A BIG carbohydrate.

Answer 8

Polysaccharides

Question 9

Storage polysaccharide of plants, consist entirely of glucose monomers (for loner energy)

Answer 9

Starch

Question 10

Storage polysaccharide in animals, longer energy

Answer 10

Glycogen

Question 11

Are hydrophobic. Keep you insulated, protect organs, longer energy storage
Made of glycerol and fatty acids

Answer 11

Lipids

Question 12

What are the 3 types of Lipids?

Answer 12

1.) Fats
2.) Phospholipids
3.) Steroids

Question 13

Not good for you. Do not have double bonds
Example: butter, fat from steak

Answer 13

Saturated fatty acids

Question 14

Better for you. 1 or more double bonds (double bonds cause bending)
Ex—>olive oil

Answer 14

Unsaturated fatty acids

Question 15

Structural Polysaccharide. Tough wall of plants; structure

Answer 15

Cellulose

Question 16

Structural Polysaccharides. Found in the exoskeleton of arthropods (animals). Give structure

Answer 16

Chitin

Question 17

Found inside of a cell membrane

Answer 17

Phospholipids

Question 18

Send signals; signaling, molecules. Consists of 4 fused rings.
Ex—> estrogen, cholesterol, testosterone

Answer 18

Steroids

Question 19

Function in defense, storage, transport, cellular communication, movements and structural support. Function as enzymes, transport molecules in and out of cells. Structure is very unique and had to be perfect, it cannot function properly.

Answer 19

Proteins

Question 20

Make up proteins, linked by peptide bonds
Ex—> Serine bond to Cysteine to Glutamine and continue on a to bond in a line called a primary structure (refer to notes)

Proteins break down into this.

Answer 20

Amino acids

Question 21

Straight bond= covalent bond. Coils fold in the peptide chain.

Answer 21

Secondary Structure

Question 22

Determined by interactions among various chains.

Answer 22

Tertiary structure

Question 23

Interactions between multiple peptide chains. Think of amino acids all folded up a,omg others or another added chain of amino acids.

Answer 23

Quaternary Structure

Question 24

Red blood cells cannot function properly, can cause blood clots, et . Caused by a mistake in protein shape/structure

Answer 24

Sickle Cell Anemia

Question 25

3-D structure gets messed up. Protein cannot do its job. pH and Temperature can cause this.

Answer 25

Denaturation

Question 26

Includes DNA and RNA. Made up of monomers called nucleotides. Store, transmit, and help express hereditary information.

Answer 26

Nucleic Acids

Question 27

What are the monomers of Nucleic acids? Each of these consist of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar. And one or more phosphate groups

Answer 27

Nucleotides

Question 28

What are the monomers of the following? - Carbs? Nucleic acids?Proteins?

Answer 28

Carbs: monosaccharides Nucleic acids: nucleotides Proteins: amino acids

Question 29

Break down molecules; a reaction that is essentially the reverse of the dehydration reaction

Answer 29

Hydrolysis (breaking with water)

Question 30

How carbs are broken down:

Answer 30

Starch (body breaks this down into)—> monosaccharides (too much food= too much monosaccharides so body needs to store and build up —> Glycogen (breaks it down) body needs it again then —>monosaccharides

Question 31

The Synthesis and Breakdown of Polymers:

Answer 31

1.) Dehydration reaction: 2 or more monomers bond, water is lost 2.) Polymers are disassembled to monomers by hydrolysis—> a reaction that is essentially the reverse of the dehydration reaction 1.) Dehydration reaction —> synthesis a polymer 2.) Polymers: breaking down a polymer

Question 32

The Synthesis and Breakdown of Polymers:

Answer 32

1.) Dehydration reaction: 2 or more monomers bond, water is lost 2.) Polymers are disassembled to monomers by hydrolysis—> a reaction that is essentially the reverse of the dehydration reaction 1.) Dehydration reaction —> synthesis a polymer 2.) Polymers: breaking down a polymer

Question 33

Function: selective acceleration of chemical reactions Example: Digestive enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of bonds in food molecules

Answer 33

Enzymatic Proteins

Question 34

Function: movement Example: Motor proteins are responsible for the undulations of cilia and flagella Action and myosin proteins are responsible for the contraction of muscles

Answer 34

Contractile and motor proteins

Question 35

Are unbranched polymers built from the same set of 20 amino acids

Answer 35

Polypeptides

Question 36

A biologically functional molecule that consists of one or more polypeptides.

Answer 36

Protein

Question 37

Which of the following is not considered a biological molecule? A.) Nucleic Acids B.) Carbohydrates C.) Proteins D.) Vitamins E.) Lipids

Answer 37

D.) Vitamins

Question 38

___________ are polymers containing up to 20 different kinds of naturally occurring amino acids. A.) Lipids B.) Proteins C.) Carbohydrates D.) Nucleic Acids

Answer 38

B. Proteins

Question 39

Examples include bread, pasta, fruit, vegetables. Monomer: monosaccharide. Example: glucose

Answer 39

Carbohydrate

Question 40

What atoms are involved in each of the Major Biomolecules? (CHONP)

Answer 40

Carbs--> CHO Lipids--> CHO Proteins--> CHON Nucleic Acids--> CHONP

Question 41

What is used in cellular respiration to make ATP, an energy currency and makes carbs a fast energy source of energy for cells. During cellular respiration, energy releases from glucose, and that energy makes adenosine triphosphate (ATP) --> Plants synthesize glucose using carbon dioxide and water, and glucose in turn provides energy requirements for the plant. --> Humans and other animals that feed on plants often obtain glucose form catabolized (cell breakdown of larger molecules) starch.

Answer 41

Glucose

Question 42

How are carbs important o an organism and the structure and function of its cells? - Plants have cell walls of carbs, specifically a large one called what? - Fungi have cell walls of carbs, known as what? (also makes exoskeleton of insects)

Answer 42

1.) cellulose 2.) chitin

Question 43

Let certain substances pass through

Answer 43

protein channels

Question 44

can build up or break down substances in metabolic processes.

Answer 44

enzymes

Question 45

Monomers release water as byproducts. Means "to put together while losing water." Hydrogen of one monomer combines with the hydroxyl group of another monomer, releasing a water molecule. At the same time, the monomers share electrons and form covalent bonds. As additional monomers join, this chain of repeating monomers forms a polymer. Example--> 2 glucose molecules link to form the disaccharide maltose, In the process, it forms a water molecule. Involve formation of new bonds, requiring energy

Answer 45

Dehydration reaction or dehydration synthesis

Question 46

Polymers break down into monomers. A chemical reaction occurs when inserting a water molecule across the bond. Breaking a covalent bond with this water molecule in the compound achieves this. During these reactions, the polymer breaks down into 2 components: 1.) one part gains a hydrogen atom (H+) and the other 2.) Gains a hydroxyl molecule (OH-) from a spit water molecule Break bonds and release energy. Break down big things into small things.

Answer 46

Hydrolysis

Question 47

What is this an example of: C6H12O6

Answer 47

Glucose C6--> has a carb H12O6--> has a hydrate = carbohydrate

Question 48

Nucleotides (monomer) --> Nucleic Acids (polymer)

Answer 48

Dehydration reaction