Chapter 14

Question 1

Polymer made up of monomers. A nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms.

Answer 1

DNA

Question 2

Monomer of nucleic acids. DNA and RNA are made up of this.

Answer 2

Nucleotides

Question 3

Nucleic Acid Structure Include:

Answer 3

1.) Nucleotides
2.) Strand
3.) Double Helix- wrapped around proteins to form chromosome
4.) Chromosome
5.) Genome

Question 4

Building blocks of DNA/RNA.

Answer 4

Nucleotide

Question 5

What bases is included of nucleotides?

Answer 5

sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base

Question 6

What are the strands that make up nucleotides?

Answer 6

adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine, and uracil

Question 7

What are differences between DNA nucleotide and RNA nucleotide?

Answer 7

DNA nucleotide:
sugar– deoxyribose
base–ATCG
double stranded

RNA nucleotide:
sugar–ribose
base– AUCG
single stranded

Question 8

Covalently bonded. Composed of covalently linked nucleotides–phosphodiester linkage. Directionality 5’ to 3’

Answer 8

Nucleic Acid Structure –Strand

Question 9

Orientations are opposite of one another

Answer 9

Antiparallel
5’–>3’
3’<–5’

Question 10

Sugar phosphate backbone. Hydrogen bonding between bases (ATCG).Two strands are complimentary, antiparallel

Answer 10

Nucleic Acid Structure–Double Helix

Question 11

Complimentary Strands are?

Answer 11

A–T
C–G

Question 12

She developed the method of X-ray diffraction of wet DNA fibers. X rays diffracted by DNA onto photographic plate. Pattern represents the atomic array in wet fibers.

Answer 12

Rosalind Franklin

Question 13

Discovered Content in the DNA rom a Variety of Organisms. Observed that the nucleotide composition of DNA varies between species, but not between individuals of the same species. Was the first to accurately measure the amounts of nucleotides in DNA.

Answer 13

Edwin Chargaff

Question 14

Who discovered double helix of DNA?

Answer 14

Watson and Crick. Proposed structure of DNA in 1953.

Question 15

DNA wrapped around proteins and all crammed together

Answer 15

Nucleic Acid Structure–Chromosome

Question 16

All genetic information

Answer 16

Nucleic Acid Structure– Genome

Question 17

How DNA replicates/make copies of itself:

Answer 17

-Semi-conservative
- origin of replication
- replication forks

Question 18

Original DNA strands (parents) used as templates to make new DNA strands or the original double helix is used as templates to make new DNA strands.

Answer 18

Semi-conservative

Question 19

Where DNA replication starts. This site within a chromosome is where replication begins.

Answer 19

origin of replication

Question 20

What has a lot of origins of replication?

Answer 20

Eukaryotes

Question 21

Leading and lagging (Ozaki fragments) strands. Inside of origin of replication. Where replication forks

Answer 21

Replication forks

Question 22

DNA must be made in the what direction?

Answer 22

The 5’ to 3’ directions

Question 23

Proteins involved in replication preparation: ALL SEPARATE DOUBLE HELIX

Answer 23

• DNA helicase
• DNA topoisomerase
• Single strand binding proteins

Question 24

Separate strands. Separates original double helix. Breaks hydrogen bonds.(unzipping a gene). This enzyme separates the double strand of DNA so replication can begin.

Answer 24

DNA helicase

Question 25

Alleviates coiling. Keeps it from getting tangled. This enzyme alleviates supercoiling during replication.

Answer 25

DNA topoisomerase

Question 26

Keeps strands part. Keep double strands separated. These proteins keep DNA separate so replication can occur.

Answer 26

Single strand binding proteins

Question 27

Proteins involved in replication:

Answer 27

- DNA primase - DNA polymerase - DNA ligase

Question 28

Adds short sequence of RNA. Tells it where to start copying. This enzyme adds a short segment of RNA so replication can begin.

Answer 28

DNA primase

Question 29

Adds nucleotides, removes RNA primers, fills gaps. Makes new DNA; proof reads itself. Able to covalently link nucleotides together from a primer. Can only link nucleotides in 5' to 3' direction. This enzyme is responsible for adding nucleotides together to form DNA strands.

Answer 29

DNA polymerase

Question 30

Work only on lagging strand because its only (Okazaki fragments). Attaches adjacent Okazaki fragments. This enzyme links together Okazaki fragments.

Answer 30

DNA ligase

Question 31

Hydrogen bonding between A and T or G and C more stable than mismatches. Active site of DNA polymerase unlikely to form bonds if pairs mismatched. DNA polymerase removes mismatched pairs. Proofreading results in DNA polymerase backing up and digesting linkages. Other DNA repair enzymes.

Answer 31

DNA replication is very accurate

Question 32

Composed of chromatin. DNA protein complex. 2 parts: DNA wrapping and 30 nm fiber

Answer 32

Chromosomes

Question 33

DNA wrapped around histones to form nucleosome. Shortens length of DNA molecule 7-fold. Needs to be wrapped to fit and be small enough (for cells/nucleus)

Answer 33

DNA wrapping--Chromosomes

Question 34

Shortens length another 7-fold

Answer 34

30 nm fiber

Question 35

Which of the following is FALSE when comparing RNA and DNA? A.) Both are produced by phosphodiester linkages. B.) Both are composed of phosphate groups. C.) Both are composed of sugars. D.) Both are composed of identical nucleotides. E.) Both are composed of a phosphate group, a pentose sugar, and a nitrogenous base.

Answer 35

D.) Both are composed of identical nucleotides.

Question 36

What is the complement DNA strand to 5'- ATTCGGTGA--3'? A.) 5'--TAAGCCACT--3' B.) 3'--CGGATTGTC--5' C.) 5'--CGGATTGTC--3' D.) 3'--TAAGCCACT--5' E.) 3'--ATTCGGTGA--5'

Answer 36

D.) 3'--TAAGCCACT--5'

Question 37

Produces short sequences of RNA, which allows polymerase to synthesize a new strand of DNA. A.) DNA primase B.) DNA helicase C.) DNA polymerase D.) DNA topoisomerase E.) DNA ligase

Answer 37

A.) DNA primase

Question 38

The process of making new DNA from preexisting DNA.

Answer 38

replication

Question 39

This newly synthesized strand of DNA is made in one continuous motion.

Answer 39

leading

Question 40

Chromosomes consist of DNA wrapped around these proteins.

Answer 40

Histone

Question 41

This newly replicated lagging strand of DNA is made is these short fragments.

Answer 41

Okazaki fragments