Chapter 15

Question 1

schema theory

Answer 1

explains interpretation of world

Question 2

primacy effect

Answer 2

first impressions matter more

Question 3

recency effect

Answer 3

more recent impressions matter more

Question 4

self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 4

one becomes what they expect because their assumptions influence their behaviors, which validates their initial belief

Question 5

stereotype

Answer 5

characteristics assigned to demographic groups. fixed, general, based on an experience

Question 6

attribution theory

Answer 6

addresses the question of how people make judgements about causes of behavior

Question 7

fundamental attribution error

Answer 7

overestimation of personal causes for other people’s behavior and to underestimate personal causes for their own behavior

Question 8

defensive attribution

Answer 8

tendency to attribute success to own efforts or qualities, and failures to external factors

Question 9

just-world hypothesis

Answer 9

based on assumption that bad things happen to bad people and vice versa

Question 10

interpersonal attraction

Answer 10

positive feelings about other person

Question 11

interpersonal attraction includes:

Answer 11

proximity, similarity, reciprocity, exchange, and intimacy

Question 12

prejudice

Answer 12

mental attitude of hate

Question 13

discrimination

Answer 13

putting prejudice into action

Question 14

frustration-aggression hypothesis

Answer 14

frustration comes from prevention of a reward. It gets directed at what appears to cause block

Question 15

displacement

Answer 15

target of aggression is unreachable, so the target shifts to a more reachable group/person

Question 16

scapegoating

Answer 16

assigning blame to another to direct attention off of oneself

Question 17

cognitive dissonance

Answer 17

mental discomfort experienced by an individual who holds 2 contradictory views, beliefs, or values at the same time

Question 18

culture

Answer 18

shared beliefs, ideas, values, etc. Large influence on behaviors and attitudes

Question 19

culture truism

Answer 19

belief that most members of society accept as self evidently true

Question 20

norms

Answer 20

shared idea/expectation about how to behave shared by society

Question 21

folkway

Answer 21

things that aren’t societally accepted, but are not harmful if done

Question 22

mores

Answer 22

things that are serious violations, and can cause damage if done

Question 23

laws

Answer 23

things that go against norms supported by organization if done.

Question 24

deindiviudalization

Answer 24

person acting with a group, not as an individual; loss of personality/responsibility

Question 25

altruistic behavior

Answer 25

action doesn't benefit helper

Question 26

bystander effect

Answer 26

people less likely to offer help in emergency as the group grows in size

Question 27

Pygmalion effect

Answer 27

like the prophecy; treating others according to how they are expected to behave, which ends up with the same result

Question 28

actor-observer effect

Answer 28

explaining others' behavior as internally caused, and own behavior as externally caused

Question 29

complementary traits

Answer 29

skills/traits that go together between two peoples

Question 30

self-monitoring

Answer 30

tendency for one to act according to gathered environmental cues (high)

Question 31

ultimate attribution error

Answer 31

person with negative stereotypes assume of the stereotype has success due to external factors and fails due to internal factors

Question 32

social loafing

Answer 32

tendency to commit less effort in a group than individually

Question 33

great man theory

Answer 33

leaders are born, not made

Question 34

trait theory

Answer 34

leaders come from genetics and experiences

Question 35

right place right time theory

Answer 35

leaders are made by chance (time, experiences)

Question 36

Hawthorne Effect

Answer 36

behavior changes when someone knows they're being watched

Question 37

authoritarian personality

Answer 37

more likely to have prejudice

Question 38

recategorize

Answer 38

expanding schema for a group to prevent prejudice

Question 39

controlled processing

Answer 39

teaching tolerance by education and thinking

Question 40

improving contact between groups

Answer 40

if groups are equal and meeting is encouraged, it can prevent prejudice

Question 41

process of persuasion

Answer 41

pay attention; comprehension; acceptance

Question 42

communication model

Answer 42

persuading audience by ethos/logos/pathos basically

Question 43

social influence

Answer 43

how other people impact perceptions, attitudes, and beliefs of someone else

Question 44

compliance

Answer 44

changing behavior to meet request of another

Question 45

obedience

Answer 45

change in behavior from request from a superior

Question 46

door in the face effect

Answer 46

feeling guilty after denying a request, so accepting a second request even if it's more demanding

Question 47

contingency theory

Answer 47

leader effectiveness depends on transactional view of leadership