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AP Psychology > Chapter 7-8 > Flashcards

Chapter 7-8 Flashcards

(88 cards)

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1
Q

cognition

A

thinking. process of acquiring and using knowledge

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2
Q

5 elements of thought

A

symbols, image, prototype, concept, language

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3
Q

Symbol

A

object, act, or sound that stands for something else

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4
Q

image

A

mental representation of sensory experience (thinking in pictures)

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5
Q

prototype

A

mental model with typical features of a concept

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6
Q

concept

A

mental category for classifying objects, people, and experiences

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7
Q

language

A

spoken and written, passes thoughts between people

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8
Q

phonemes

A

smallest part of sound; 45 in English (th, ka)

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9
Q

morphemes

A

smallest words with meaning (no, hi)

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10
Q

grammar

A

language rules that determine how sounds or words an be combined and used to communicate meaning within a language

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11
Q

surface structure

A

words and phrases used to make a sentence

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12
Q

deep structure

A

underlying meaning (sarcasm)

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13
Q

all or nothing thinking

A

good/bad, black/white. seen in children

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14
Q

confusing coincidence with cause

A

assuming something causes something unrelated

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15
Q

delusion

A

false belief despite contrary evidence

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16
Q

preparatory/ data collection

A

collecting data for study

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17
Q

inspiration

A

solution presents itself - aha moment

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18
Q

steps of critical thinking

A
  1. data collection
  2. sitting on the problem
  3. inspiration
  4. verification and revision
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19
Q

brainstorming

A

trying to come up with as many possible solutions to a problem as possible without stopping to evaluate the validity of each response

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20
Q

divergent thinking

A

trying to come up with multiple solutions to a problem (FRQ)

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21
Q

convergent thinking

A

trying to come up with 1 correct solution to a problem (MC)

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22
Q

functional fixedness

A

occurs when you can only think of the intended use of an object, nothing else

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23
Q

reasoning

A

ability to comprehend or think in an orderly and rational way

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24
Q

deductive reasoning

A

applying general principals to specific case (playing Clue)

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25
inductive reasoning
specific cases to general principals (finding reason for failing test)
26
intelligence
ability to create a product or service, makes new knowledge necessary
27
R. B. Cattell theory
crystallized intelligence = lifetime experience, wisdom. fluid intelligence = ability to think logically and solve problems, regardless of acquired logic
28
Gardner's Theory
multiple intelligences
29
Daniel Golemon theory
emotional intelligence
30
self-awareness
recognize and understand own emotions
31
self-regulation
think before acting, regulating behaviors
32
motivation
passion for work besides money or status, pursue goals with energy
33
empahty
understand emotions of others, treat people in compliance with their emotional reactions
34
social skill
relationship management
35
Alfred Binet
made first intelligence test for students
36
L. M. Terman
made IQ test
37
Stanford Binet IQ Test
measures smart for school success - tested mental age
38
reliability (of tests)
degree that test gets consistent results
39
validity (of tests)
how well test measures what it's supposed to
40
semantics
giving meaning to words
41
comprehension uses
bottom up processing (phonemes to meaning)
42
speech uses
top down processing (meaning to phonemes)
43
linguistic determinism
Whorf: says speech affects how we think about things
44
telegraphic speech
by babies, only uses essential words in a sentence
45
algorithm
problem solving method, step by step
46
heuristics
"rule of thumb", help solve problems but don't ensure success
47
hill climbing
each step brings you closer to goal
48
subgoals
smaller, manageable goals, makes it easier to reach goal
49
means-end analysis
hill + subgoals. identify differences in the present and end result, work to stop those discrepancies
50
working backwards
work from goal to present
51
mental set
tendency to see and approach problems in certain ways
52
compensatory model
rational, evaluate choices
53
representativeness
new problem is judged against past problems
54
availability
decision based on information that comes to mind first
55
confirmation bias
tendency to find evidence to support your belief
56
framing
the way that information is presented, and influences a decision
57
hindsight bias
tendency to see outcomes as predictable once in the future
58
counterfactual thinking
think about alternate realities or things that haven't happened
59
triarchic theory of intelligence
intelligence involves mental skills, insight, creativity
60
Binet-Simon Scale
first IQ test
61
Stanford-Binet IQ scale
Terman's version of the Binet-Simon Scale
62
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale 3
IQ test for adults; verbal, performance
63
group tests
one tester gives several IQ tests at once
64
performance tests
IQ tests that minimize language usage
65
culture-fair tests
IQ tests that minimize culture bias
66
split-half reliability
divide test in 2, check and compare both parts
67
correlation coefficients
measure degree of association between two things
68
mental retardation
sublevel IQ, adoptive skill deficit
69
mild disability qualifications
IQ 50-69, mental age 8-12
70
moderate disability qualifications
IQ 35-49, mental age 4-7
71
severe disability qualifications
IQ 21-34, mental age 1-3
72
mainstreaming
process of placing people with disabilities in public schools
73
inclusion
putting students with disabilities in regular classrooms
74
profound disability qualifiations
IQ <20, mental age <1
75
cultural familial retardation
apparently caused by social/culture deprivation
76
fetal alcohol syndrome
mom drinks a lot of alcohol during pregnancy
77
teratotegens
toxic substances that pass from the mom to the fetus by the placenta
78
rubella
"German measles". fever in mother hurts the baby and causes abnormal cell growth
79
anoxia
lack of oxygen in childbirth
80
cerebral palsy
can be caused by anoxia, movement disorder and mental disability
81
PKU
caused by inherited lack of enzyme required to metabolize amino acids found in milk and commo foods
82
lead poisoning
hurts development
83
TBI
injury or accident is cause of brain injury
84
Down's Syndrome
extra 21 chromosome. found by Lengdon Down, 1866.
85
moderate giftedness
IQ between 130-150
86
profoundly gifted
IQ 180+
87
prodigy
someone with a high degree of mastery in one area, and is average everywhere else
88
gifted
very good across disciplines - academic strength

AP Psychology (19 decks)

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