Chapter 10 Flashcards by Maggie Schmidt

cross-sectional study

study of people of different ages at once

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longitudinal study

study of one group over time

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cohort

group of people born in the same time period

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biographical/retrospective study

reconstructing the past

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germinal stage

2-4 weeks; mass of cells

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embryonic stage

5-8 weeks; brain and organs start developing

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fetal stage

9 weeks-birth

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teratogen

something in environment that can cause a birth defect

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neonate

newborn

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rooting reflex

child turns to face something brushing their cheek

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gripping reflex

very strong grasp on anything that touches hand

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babinski reflex

toe curling when foot is pressed

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Moro/startle reflex

shuffling feet when held upright (like walking)

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orienting reflex

turning head towards loud noise

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easy baby

not fussy, happy, regular schedules

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slow-to-warm-up baby

withdrawn and moody

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difficult baby

fussy, fearful, intense reactions

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shy baby

timid, inhibited, fearful

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growth in first year

10 inches growth, triple weight

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shaken baby syndrome

spinal cord snaps, permanent brain damage

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learn to walk…

12 months

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developmental norm

age when average child reaches milestone

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proximodistal fashion

developing head down, center out

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maturation

automatic biological unfolding of development in organism as function of passage of time

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sensorimotor stage

birth-2 years. learn object permanence

pre-operational stage

2-6 years. learn visualization and language. egocentrism. fantasy play

concrete operational stage

7-11 years. more logic. conservation (flasks), classification

formal operational stage

12 years- adulthood. abstract thinking, ethics and politics, social and moral issues

theory of moral tinking

how morals develop in children; Lawrence Kohlberg

pre-conventinal

moral development, values based on punishment

conventional

moral development based on approval of others and societal rules

post-conventional

morals based on rights, duties, and principles; social contract. not always reached

Noam Chomsky said -

children are born with internal language acquisition device (brain is hardwired for language learning)

BF Skinner

language is learned like a skill or ability

imprinting

babies make a connection with the first thing they see - not humans

secure attachment

child gets safety and autonomy

insecure attachment

caregiver is avoidant, ambivalent, or disorganized

authoritarian parent

high expectations, discipline, unsupportive

permissive parent

low expectations, excessive responsiveness

authoritative parent

clear expectations, definite rules, supportive

solitary play

0-2 years. playing alone with no interaction

parallel play

2.5-3 years. playing separately but with similar things

co-operative play

4-6 years. playing with others, needs language

gender constancy

before age 6, children think gender is easily changeable

puberty

period of human development where people can reproduce

adolescence

time between puberty and maturation (to age 25)

teen pregnancy tax cost per year

$9.1 billion

imaginary audience

thought that people are always focused on you

personal fable

belief that you're unique and invulnerable

foreclosure

identity based on others' expectations

identity diffusion

no exploration or commitment - isolation

moratorium

middle of crisis, vague expectations - active exploration

identity achievement

had a crisis, explored, and made commitments

teenagers with depression before adulthood

20%

teenagers with depression symptoms

10%

teenagers with major depression

teenagers that get treatment for depression

30%

how many marriages end in divorce

48%

chronological age

number of years since birth

biological age

changes in physical characteristics, like graying hair

social age

changes in social ability and economic roles

young old

65-74 years

old old

75-84 years

oldest old

85+ years

life expectance for women

81 years

life expectance for men

76 years

disengagement theory

downsizing, increased individuality, accepting changes

continuity theory

older adults change interests to fit within aging process

stages of dying

denial - anger - bargaining - depression - acceptance

socialization

kids learn values and behaviors of their family and culture

peer group

children of similar ages that act like a support network

nonshared environment

difference sin siblings' environments

critical period

when health factors have a great impact on development, depending on stage of development and what the factor is

fetal alcohol syndrome

deformities, heart issues, slow growth, and cognitive issues after birth