Chapter 2 Flashcards by Maggie Schmidt

clinical death

no pulse or heartbeat; reversible

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biological death

3-4 minutes w/o oxygen, brain damage

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psychobiology

biological aspects to behavior/mental processes

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what two systems are important here?

nervous and endocrine

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neuron

basic building block of nervous system

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neurogenesis

brain regrows new brain tissue, lifelong process

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neural plasticity

ability of brain to adapt and change due to an experience

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dendrites

fingers
picks up on messages from cells

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what is a nerve

a cluster of axons

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white vs gray matter

white matter is tissue made with axons covered by myelin sheath, gray matter has no sheath

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axon

arm
structure that helps transmit neural messages

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myelin sheath

bumps
fatty substance, insulates (avoids interferance) and speeds up nerve

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terminal buttons

sends neurotransmitter to other neurons through synapse

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synapse

space between neurons

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glia

glues neuron in place, keeps cell going i guess

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absolute refractory period

time when neuron can’t fire regardless of stimulation

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relative refractory period

can only fire when given more stimulation than normal

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neural impulse or action potential

energy from neuron firing, or the act of a neuron firing

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graded potential

when a signal passes from neuron to neuron; electric charge just shifts, doesn’t completely change like action potential

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threshold of excitation

minimum stimulus needed for 1+ neuron to activate another neuron to continue the chain up to/away from brain

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three neurons in body

sensory/afferent
motor/efferent
interneuron/associational

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sensory/afferent neuron

carries info from sense organs to brain/spinal cord

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motor/efferent neuron

carries info from brain/spinal cord to muscles

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interneuron/associational neuron

mostly in brain, relays info between neurons

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neurotransmitter

any chemical substance that helps transmit neural messages

Long-Term Potentiation

vibration from stimulus continues weeks after experience

acetylcholine

excitatory neurotransmitter; attention, motivation, memory

dopamine

brain's reward center; pleasure

seratonin

mood molecule; regulate sleep cycle

norepinephrine

adrenal hormone, excitatory; helps neural transmitters pass synaptic gap

2 major parts of nervous system

central (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral (everything else)

endorphins

blocks pain signals from brain

Central nervous system parts

hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain, cerebral cortex

hindbrain parts

medulla, pons, cerebellum

forebrain parts

thalamus, hypothalamus

cerebral cortex parts

occipital lobe, temporal lobe, parietal lobe, frontal lobe

hindbrain

basic survival functions

medulla

vital, kinda involuntary life functions (heart rate, breathing, blood pressure) and transmits to upper brain

pons

regulates body movement and sleep

cerebellum

balance and coordination

midbrain

reflex movements, pain signals

forebrain

aka neocortex thinking and logic

thalamus

major sensory relay center ("post office")

hypothalamus

motivation

cerebral cortex

made of gyri and sulci (brain folds)

occipital lobe

process visual info

temporal lobe

language comprehension

parietal lobe

spatial awareness

frontal lobe

critical thinking

peripheral system is split into -

somatic (movement and environment) and autonomic (organs and glands)

reticular formation

neurons in most of central nervous system that alerts other brain parts

parts of limbic system

hippocampus (memories) and amygdala (emotions)

primary motor cortex

voluntary movement

Left hemisphere

speech and language comprehension, math, time and order

Broca's area

motor projection for speech (thoughts into words)

expressive aphosia

can't put thoughts into words

Wernicke's area

listening comprehension

receptive aphasia

can't understand language

Right hemisphere

spatial awareness, creativity, context/perception, visual recognition

corpus callebum

fibrous tissue, bundle of nerves, connects hemispheres

pedi mal seizure

basically spacing out

grand mal seizure

convulsing

CAT scan

3D image from many xrays

MRI scan

images of inside brain magnetic field and radio waves

EEG

electrodes, makes colored image

PET

radioactive injection to see active parts of brain

thyroid gland

produces thyroxin to regulate rate of metabolism

parathyroid gland

produce parathormone to regulate Ca and P in blood/tissue fluids

pineal gland

produce melatonin

adrenal gland

release adrenaline

pancreas

produce insulin, glucagon, digestive enzymes

pituitary gland

controls all other glands

posterior pituitary

releases hormones; vassopression and oxytocin

anterior pituitary

growth hormones