AP Psych Exam Review (Princeton Review) Flashcards
(204 cards)
1
Q
Psychology
A
study of behavior and mental processes
2
Q
Behavior
A
process of observable actions
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Q
Mind
A
mental processes like sensation, memories, emotions, logic, etc.
4
Q
Dualism
A
division of world into body and spirit
5
Q
Brain
A
command center of CNS
6
Q
Empiricism
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using observation to find answers
7
Q
Tabula Rosa
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“blank slate”; what an infant’s mind is like
8
Q
Thomas Hobbes
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philosophy of materialism
9
Q
Materialism
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belief that only existing things are matter and energy
10
Q
Wilhelm Wundt
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founder of psychology. trained in physiology
11
Q
Edward Titchner
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Wundt’s student, brought psychology to US. Philosophy of structuralism
12
Q
Structuralism
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the smallest parts of the mind are what controls it, and is needed to understand the bigger picture of the mind
13
Q
Introspection
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research method; describing experience to identify commonalities
14
Q
William James
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American psychologist. Philosophy of functionalism
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Q
Functionalism
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focusing research on how the mind works
16
Q
Dorthea Dix
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advocated for mentally ill poor people, for mental hospitals
17
Q
Biological psychology
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field for identifying how anatomy, physiology, and behavior overlap
18
Q
Behavioral genetics
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field focusing on how inherited characteristics lead to specific behaviors (predispositions and extent of impact)
19
Q
Behaviorism
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field focusing on observable behavior. “If behavior is learned, it can be unlearned”. Uses conditioning techniques
20
Q
Cognitive psychology
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field focusing on identifying how someone thinks to understand their behavior. (functionalism + structuralism)
21
Q
Humanistic approach
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field focusing on the roles of consciousness, free will, and awareness. How things like goals impact behavior
22
Q
Carl Rogers
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Humanistic. Focus on unconditional positive regard
23
Q
Psychoanalytic
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field focusing on the conscious and unconscious and how they interact. Freud. Based on childhood
24
Q
Sociocultural approach
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field focusing on how environment determines behavior and others’ perception of behavior. Culture, socioeconomic status, education, etc.
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Evolutionary approach
field for how behavior is a result of adaptation and natural selection
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Biopsychosocial approach
field focusing on interactions of the biological, psychological, and social parts of mental processes
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single blind design
participants don't know, researcher does
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double blind design
neither participants nor researcher knows
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positive vs negative skew
positive shifts left, negative shifts right
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null vs alternative hypothesis
null: treatment has no effect
alternative: treatment has an effect
null is accepted or rejected
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traits
specific characteristics or behaviors
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nerves sending info to brain
sensory/afferent neuron
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nerves sending info to body
motor/efferent neuron
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reflex
involuntary reactions to environment
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interneuron
99% of neurons, used to send information
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categorize parts of nervous system
nervous system: CNS and PNS
PNS is somatic and autonomic
autonomic is sympathetic and parasympathetic
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CNS
brain and spinal cord
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PNS
everything other than brain and spinal cord
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somatic system
voluntary movement
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autonomic system
involuntary movement
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sympathetic system
fight/flight
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parasympathetic system
rest/digest
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direction of signal in neuron
dendrites -> terminal buttons
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glial cells
support neurons
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what happens to neurotransmitters after being released?
broken by enzymes or absorbed into neuron (reuptake)
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acetylcholine
memory, muscle contraction
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serotonin
arousal, sleep, pain, mood/hunger regulation
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dopamine
movement, attention, reward; Parkinson's and schizophrenia
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GABA
inhibitory NT
50
glutamate
excitatory NT
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norepinephrine
alertness; depression if too little
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endorphins
painkillers
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substance P
pain, mood, vasodilation, learning
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pituitary gland
master gland; affects other glands
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ACTH
stimulate adrenal glands for fight/flight
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leptin
hormone for hunger and energy
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ghrelin
monitor glucose to feel hunger
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agonist
drugs that increase NT effect
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antagonist
drugs that decrease NT effect
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alcohol
depressant; decrease dopamine
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barbituate
depressant; inhibit neural arousal centers
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tranquilizers
depressant; inhibit neural arousal centers
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caffeine
stimulant; accelerates heart rate
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amphetamine
stimulant; increase body temperature/heart rate, increase dopamine and norepinephrine
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cocaine
stimulant; increases dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine
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nicotine
stimulant; ACTH transmission, increase heart rate
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opioids
depressant; activate endorphin receptors
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halucinogens
distorts sensory perceptions, increase serotonin
69
cerebellum
muscle tone, balance, coordination, procedural learning
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brain stem
involuntary actions (smooth muscle)
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RAS
controls arousal, learning, emotion, and cognition
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pons
passes neural information between brain areas. REM sleep
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forebrain
contains limbic (emotional) system
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thalamus
post office. relay sensory information
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hippocampus
process and integrate memories
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amygdala
anger, frustration, fear
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hypothalamus
temperature, water balance, hunger, SNS and endocrine
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cerebral cortex
outer layer
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corpus callosum
connective tissue that connects hemispheres
80
expressive aphasia
inability to speak
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Broca's area
thoughts into words
82
receptive aphasia
inability to comprehend speech
83
Wernicke's area
region for speech comprehension
84
frontal lobe
thought/reasoning, attention, judgement, movements
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parietal lobe
somatosensory information processing
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temporal lobe
auditory input - speech and music
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occipital lobe
visual input, crosses from optic chiasm
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apraxia
inability to organize movement
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agnosia
inability to process sensory input
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alexia
inability to read
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agraphia
inability to write
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EEG
measures changes in brain electrical activity mathematically. Sleep studies
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CAT scan
cross-sectional brain images using X rays
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MRI
electromagnets and radio waves for 3D brain images
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beta waves
EEG; awake and alert
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alpha waves
EEG; awake and relaxed
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theta wave
EEG; asleep
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sleep spindles
NREM 2
99
delta waves
NREM 3
100
REM
highest brain waves (like beta waves) during sleep; paradoxical sleep
101
problem-solving theory of dreaming
dreaming helps us work on issues
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activation-synthesis hypothesis of dreaming
sensory input processed by dreaming
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psychophysics
how psychology takes effects of stimuli on response
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five tastes
sweet, salty, bitter, sour, umami
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bottom-up processing
recognition by breaking it down to basic parts
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top-down processing
just labeling a stimulus
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schema
unit of knowledge based on past experience
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perceptual set
predisposition to perceive stimuli in a certain way based on past experience
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Gestalt approach
perception based on what stands out and what blends in
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law of pragnanz
see objects in simplest forms
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feature detector approach
organisms respond to specific aspects of a particular stimulus
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phi phenomenon
appearance of movement
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stroboscopic effect
still pictures convey movement (motion picture)
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autokinetic effect
a constant light looks like it's twinkling
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concept
group/classification
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typicality
how an object fits the average - prototype
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heuristic
intuitive rules
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availability heuristic
conclusion drawn from events in mind
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representativeness heuristic
judge objects based on prototype
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subliminal perception
preconscious processing; process stimuli without noticing
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gambler's fallacy
thinking an event is more/less likely based on series of events
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sunk cost fallacy
continuing to do something when quitting would be better
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executive functions
cognitive processes for goal oriented behaviors
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explicit/declarative memory
memory that can be retrieved (epidsodic, semantic)
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episodic memory
memories of events from life
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semantic memory
facts
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implicit/nondeclarative memory
outside of conscious memory (procedural, conditioning)
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procedural memory
habits and skills
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names for visual and audial memory
iconic and echoic
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semantically encoded
remembered by words' meanings
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dual-coding hypothesis
easier to remember words with associated images
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self-reference effect
easier to remember personally relevant things
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metacognition
awareness of own thought process
134
retroactive interference
new information pushes old information out
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proactive interference
old information prevents new information
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anterograde amnesia
can't make new memories; past memories are kept
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retrograde amnesia
can't remember some or all of past
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validity
extent to which a test measures what it's trying to measure
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internal validity
degree to which results are only due to independent variable
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external validity
degree that results can be generalized
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reliability
measure of consistency of test results
142
fluid intelligence
solve problems, learned things
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crystalized intelligence
knowledge from lifetime
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cross-sectional method
compare groups of people across ages
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longitudinal method
follows small group of people of same age across years
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assimilation
new ideas into existing schemas
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accomodation
modification of schema
148
sensorimotor stage
development of schemas, object permanence, goal behavior. 0-2
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preoperational stage
language incorporation, grow schemas. egocentrism, artificialism, animism
151
concrete operational stage
7-11. mental operations and think backwards
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formal operational stage
abstract and symbolic thinking
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phoneme
smallest sounds in language
154
morphemes
smallest functional unit of speech (no, yes, etc)
155
syntax
rules for morpheme structure
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semantics
word choice
157
prosody
rhythm, stress, intonation
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holophrase
single words that can convey something
159
telegraphic speech
only the important words, no grammar
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psychosocial development, age 1
trust vs mistrust
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psychosocial development, ages 1-3
anatomy vs shame and doubt
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psychosocial development, ages 3-6
initiative vs guilt
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psychosocial development, ages 6-12
industry vs inferiority
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psychosocial development, adolescent
identity vs role confusion
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psychosocial development, early adulthood
intimacy vs isolation
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psychosocial development, middle adulthood
generativity vs stagnation
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psychosocial development, old age
integrity vs despair
168
identity achievement
finding sense of self
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identity diffusion
yet to find identity
170
identity foreclosure
gained identity from adult
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identity moratorium
search for identity is paused
172
classical vs operant conditioning
classical: train for response by association
operant: train for behavior using reward/punishment
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law of effect
behavior is more likely to occur if reinforced
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primary vs secondary reinforcement
primary: naturally positive
secondary: given value (money)
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positive reinforcement
adding reward
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negative reinforcement
remove stressor
177
positive punishment
adds stressor
178
negative punishment
removes reward
179
fixed-ratio schedule
reward after fixed number of behaviors
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variable-ratio schedule
reward is unpredictable
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fixed-interval schedule
reward given after certain period of time if the behavior is present
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variable-interval schedule
rewards given at random times as long as behavior is present
183
self-efficacy
beliefs about how you perform at a task
184
insight learning
lightbulb moment
185
neuromodulators
strengthen neuron synapses
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long-term potentiation
increased synaptic connection from neuromodulators
187
attribution
how people assign responsibility for different outcomes
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dispositional attribution
assumes outcome cause is internal
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situational attribution
assumes outcome cause is external
190
explanatory style
how people explain both good and bad events
191
self-serving bias
positive outcome = internal
negative outcome = external
192
fundamental attribution
assume others' actions are caused internally when bad and externally when good
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actor-observer bias
one's bad behavior is situational, another's bad behavior is internal
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locus of control
internal locus = belief you have control
external locus = belief you have no control
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primary group
the people you spend most of your time with
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secondary group
friends and acquaintances
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stereotype
assumptions about a whole group
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implicit bias
negative assumption about a group
199
belief perserverance
only seeing evidence that supports your POV
200
cognitive dissonance
when there are two conflicting beliefs
201
elaboration likelihood model
people are persuaded based on context of message (wealthy person = more trustworthy)
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