Chapter 15: Gynecologic Sonography Overview Flashcards
(174 cards)
1
Q
the area located posterior to the broad ligaments, adjacent to uterus, which contains the ovaries and fallopian tubes
A
adnexa
2
Q
A protein produced by the fetal yolk sac, fetal gastrointestinal tract, and the fetal liver; may also be produced by some malignant tumors
A
alpha-fetoprotein
3
Q
birth defect in which the external genitalia appear recognizably neither male nor female
A
ambiguous genitalia
4
Q
the absence of menstruation
A
amenorrhea
5
Q
a collection of abdominal fluid within the peritoneal cavity
A
ascites
6
Q
a tumor marker in the blood that can indicate certain types of cancers such as cancer of the ovary, endometrium, breast, gastrointestinal tract, and lungs; stands for cancer antigen 125
A
CA-125
7
Q
a diagnostic modality that utilizes ionizing radiation to produce images of the human body in cross-sectional and reconstructed 3D formats
A
computed tomography
8
Q
difficult or painful menstruation
A
dysmennorhea
9
Q
painful sexual intercourse
A
dyspareunia
10
Q
painful or difficult urination
A
dysuria
11
Q
the sonographic appearance of a structure
A
echotexture
12
Q
a pregnancy located outside of the endometrial cavity of the uterus
A
ectopic pregnancy
13
Q
a means of looking inside the human body by utilizing an endoscope
A
endoscopy
14
Q
the distinct layering of fluids within a cyst or cystic structure that is caused by the presence of at least two different fluid compositions
A
fluid-fluid level
15
Q
a catheter placed into the urinary bladder via the urethra that is used to drain urine; it can also be clamped and used to temporarily distend the bladder for pelvic sonography
A
Foley catheter
16
Q
a laboratory value that indicates the amount of red blood cells in the blood
A
hematocrit
17
Q
excessive hair growth in women in areas where hair growth is normally negligable
A
hirsutism
18
Q
a hormone produced by the trophoblastic cells of the early placenta; may also be used as a tumor marker in nongravid patients and males
A
human chorionic gonadotropin
19
Q
the dilation of the renal collecting system resulting from the obstruction of flow of urine from the kidney(s) to the bladder; also referred to as pelvocaliectasis, peliecaliectasis, or pyelecalectasis
A
hydronephrosis
20
Q
decreased or scant menstrual flow; regular timed menses but light flow
A
hypomennorhea
21
Q
inability to control urination
A
incontinence
22
Q
inability to conceive a child after 1 year of unprotected intercourse
A
infertility
23
Q
a common form of birth control in which a small device is placed within the endometrium to prevent pregnancy; also referred to as an intrauterine contraceptive device
A
intrauterine device
24
Q
an enzyme found within the blood that may be used to monitor renal function; may also be used as a tumor marker for some ovarian tumors
A
lactate dehydrogenase
25
an elevated white blood cell count
leukocytosis
26
a diagnostic modality that utilizes electromagnetic radiation to produce images of the human body in cross-sectional and reconstructed 3D formats
MRI
27
ascites and pleural effusion in the presence of some benign ovarian tumors
Meigs syndrome
28
excessive or prolonged bleeding between periods
menometroorrhagia
29
abnormally heavy and prolonged menstruation
menorrhagia
30
irregular menstrual bleeding between periods; intermenstrual bleeding
metrorrhagia
31
having multiple chambers or compartments
multiloculated
32
growth or masses attached to the wall of a structure; most likely a cyst
mural nodules
33
a mass of tissue that contains abnormal cells; also called a tumor
neoplasm
34
a diagnostic imaging modality that utilizes the administration of radionuclides into the human body for an analysis of the function of organs, or for the treatment of various abnormalities
nuclear medicine
35
an abnormality that results from the ovary twisting on its mesenteric connection, consequently cutting off blood supply to the ovary
ovarian torsion
36
an infection of the female genital tract that may involve the ovaries, uterus, and/or fallopian tubes
pelvic inflammatory diseaes
37
kidney located within the pelvis
pelvic kidney
38
the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space
pleural effusion
39
a syndrome characterized by anovulatory cycles, infertility, hirsutism, amenorrhea, and obesity; may also be referred to as Stein-Leventhal syndrome
polycystic ovary syndrome
40
an intraperitoneal extension of mucin-secreting cells that results from the rupture of a malignant mucinous ovarian tumor or, possibly, a malignant tumor of the appendix
pseudomyxoma peritonei
41
a diagnostic imaging modality that uses ionizing radiation for imaging bones, organs, and some soft-tissue structures
radiography
42
separations; structures that divides something into different sections
septations
43
sonographic sign obtained during an endovaginal sonogram when gentle probe pressure is used to assess whether the anterior rectum and sigmoid colon glides freely across the posterior aspect of the uterus, cervix, and vaginal wall
sliding sign
44
an anechoic round mass that has smooth walls and demonstrates through transmission (acoustic enhancement)
simple cyst
45
a sonographic procedure that utilizes saline installation into the endometrial cavity and fallopian tubes to evaluate for internal abnormalities; also referred to as saline infusion sonohysterography
sonohysterogram
46
a breast cancer drug that inhibits the effects of estrogen in the breast
tamoxifen
47
sonogram that requires the transducer to be placed against the labia; often used for imaging of the cervix
translabial sonogram
48
a chromosomal aberration where one sex chromosome is absent; may also be referred to as monosomy x
Turner syndrome
49
having one chamber of compartment
unilocular
50
changes within the female that are caused by increased androgens; may lead to deepening of the voice and hirsutism
virilization
51
an inherited bleeding disorder that is characterized by low levels of a specific clotting protein in the blood referred to as von Willebrand factor, results in excessive bleeding and specifically vaginal bleeding in women
von Willebrand disease
52
without echoes
anechoic
53
having both cystic and solid components
complex
54
structure that produces echoes
echogenic
55
of differing composition
heterogenous
56
of uniform composition
homogenous
57
having many echoes
hyperechoic
58
having few echoes
hypoechoic
59
having the same echogenicity
isoechoic
60
Normal oral body temperature
98.6
61
Normal adult pulse
60-100 bpm
62
Normal adult blood pressure
120/8-
63
normal adult respiration
12-20 breaths per minute
64
If the sterility of an object is questionable, it is _____
not sterile
65
A sterile field ends at the level of the _____
tabletop
66
The _____ of a sterile gown is considered not sterile.
cuff
67
If one sterile person must pass another, they much pass _____
back to back
68
coughing, sneezing, or excessive talking over a sterile field leads to ______
contamination
69
caused by a large acoustic interface and subsequent production of false echoes
reverberation
70
produced by a strong specular reflector and results in a copy of the anatomy being placed deeper than the correct location
mirror image
71
caused by attenuation of the sound beam
shadowing
72
artifact that appears as a solid streak or a chain of parallel bands radiating away from a structure
ring-down artifact
73
caused by air or bowel gas
dirty shadowing
74
produced when the sound beam is barely attenuated through a fluid or a fluid-filled structure, May occassionaly by referred to as through transmission
acoustic enhancemen
75
could be caused by low-gain, low-frequency, high wall filter, or too high velocity scale
absent Doppler signal
76
Which of the following is an inherited bleeding disorder that is caused by low levels of a specific clotting protein in the blood?
a. Stein-Leventhal disease
b. Fitz-Hugh-Curtis disease
c. Meigs disease
d. von Willebrand disease
d
77
What is the term for elevated white blood cell count?
leukocytosis
78
What is another name for the anterior cul-de-sac?
vesicouterine pouch
79
Which of the following is also referred to as the space of Retzius?
a. paracolic gutters
b. retropubic space
c. anterior cul-de-sac
d. posterior cul-de-sac
b
80
Which of the following would be the least likely indication for a pelvic sonogram?
a. diarrhea
b. palpable pelvic mass
c. amenorrhea
d. screening for malignancy
a
81
Which of the following would least likely be associated with a palpable pelvic mass?
a. ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome
b. leiomyoma
c. ovarian cyst
d. endometrial hypoplasia
d
82
Which of the following is defined as painful or difficult urination?
a. dyspareiunia
b. nocturia
c. dyspnea
d. dysuria
d
83
A linear structure coursing through an anechoic cyst separating it into two separate cavities may be referred to as a:
septation
84
Which of the following would least likely indicate the presence of a complex cyst?
a. septation
b. mural nodule
c. acoustic enhancement
d. internal debris
c
85
Which of the following is a protein produced by the fetal yolk sac, fetal gastrointestinal tract, fetal liver, and by some malignant tumors?
a. lactate dehydrogenase
b. Ca-125
c. alpha-fetoprotein
d. human chorionic gonadotropin
c
86
What term describes the echogenicity of a simple ovarian cyst?
anechoic
87
The "S" in STAR criteria stands for:
Smooth walls
88
Which of the following is defined as pain during intercourse?
a. dysuria
b. dysmennorhea
c. dyspareunia
d. hirsutism
c
89
Which of the following is defined as excessive hair growth in women in areas where hair growth is normally negligable?
a. dyspareunia
b. hirsutism
c. Meigs syndrome
d. polycystic ovarian syndrome
b
90
Which of the following laboratory tests may be used as a tumor marker for an ovarian dysgerminoma?
a. lactate dehydrogenase
b. alpha-fetoprotein
c. CA-125
d. Tamoxifen
a
91
All of the following are associated with acute pelvic pain except:
a. pelvic inflammatory disease
b. ruptured ovarian hemorrhagic cyst
c. perforated IUD
d. Asherman syndrome
d
92
Which of the following is best defined as intermenstrual bleeding?
a. dysmennorhea
b. menorrhagia
c. menometrohagia
d. metrorrhagia
d
93
Having the same echogenicity means:
isoechoic
94
Which of the following would typically not be associated with amennorhea?
a. Asherman syndrome
b. polycystic ovarian syndrome
c. pregnancy
d. adenomyosis
d
95
Which of the following is best defined as difficult or painful menstruation?
a. dysmennorhea
b. dyspareunia
c. dysuria
d. menorrhagia
a
96
What term relates to the number of pregnancies a patient has had?
Gravida
97
Which of the following definitions best describes the term adnexa?
a. the area posterior to the uterus, between the uterus and the rectum
b. the area located posterior to the broad ligaments and adjacent to the uterus
c. the area anterior to the uterus, between the uterus and the urinary bladder
d. the area lateral to the iliac crest and posterior to the pubic symphysis
b
98
All of the following statements are true of endovaginal imaging except:
a. endovaginal imaging requires a full bladder
b. endovaginal imaging leads to reduced waiting time for the patient and quicker medical management
c. endovaginal imaging offers improved resolution of the endometrium, uterus, and ovaries, especially in the obese patient
d. enodvaginal imaging is contraindicated for pediatric patients and for those with an intact hymen
a
99
What laboratory value would be most useful to evaluate in a patient with suspected internal hemorrhage?
hematocrit
100
What abnormality results from the ovary twisting on its mesenteric connection?
ovarian torsion
101
Which of the following most often leads to an elevation of CA-125?
a. ovarian carcinoma
b. Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome
c. ovarian torsion
d. Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome
a
102
When does the CDC recommend that alcohol-based hand rub be combined with handwashing?
when your hands are visibly soiled
103
The best way to communicate with a patient who speaks a language other than your own is to use:
a trained medical interpreter
104
What artifact would be seen posterior to a tooth within a cystic teratoma?
shadowing
105
Which of the following is best described as an artifact that is produced by a strong reflector and results in a copy of the anatomy being placed deeper than the correct location?
a. reverberation
b. mirror image
c. acoustic shadowing
d. comet tail
b
106
Which of the following statements is not true concerning transabdominal pelvic imaging?
a. transabdominal imaging of the pelvis provides a global view of the entire pelvis
b. transabdominal imaging lacks the detail of endovaginal imaging
c. obese patients and patients with a retroverted or retroflexed uterus present a unique challenge to the transabdominal technique
d. Transabdominal imaging is contraindicated for pediatric patients
d
107
Malignant ovarian tumors may leak mucinous material, and this condition is known as:
pseudomyxoma peritonei
108
All of the following are proper techniques for providing patient care for patients during a pelvic sonogram except:
a. all transducers and their cords should be cleaned before performing a pelvic sonogram
b. endovaginal transducers should be cleaned with a high-level disinfectant
c. a probe cover should be placed on the transducer for transabdominal imaging to prevent the spread of infection
d. a sterile jelly should be used as a lubricant for endovaginal imaging
c
109
The breast cancer drug that inhibits the effects of estrogen in the breast is:
tamoxifenW
110
Which of the following statements would be considered an acceptable disadvantage of endovaginal imaging?
a. endovaginal imaging has a limited field of view
b. the resolution of endovaginal imaging is reduced compared to transabdominal imaging
c. endovaginal imaging is more time consuming than transabdominal imaging
d. endovaginal imaging can be performed only by female sonographers
a
111
What artifact could be noted emanating from air or gas within the endometrium in a patient with endometritis?
ring-down
112
What Doppler artifact occurs when the Doppler sampling rate is not high enough to display the Doppler shift frequency?
aliasing
113
Which of the following would be least likely to cause abdominal distention?
a. ascites
b. multiple leiomyoma
c. ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome
d. polycystic ovarian syndrome
d
114
All of the following are common indications for a pelvic sonogram except:
a. evaluation of congenital anomalies
b. evaluation of pelvic anatomy immediately following a motor vehicle accident
c. localization of an IUD
d. postmenopausal bleeding
b
115
Precocious puberty is best defined as:
pubertal development before the age of 8
116
Amennorhea is defined as:
lack of menstrual flow
117
occurs when the Doppler sampling rate is not high enough to accurately display the Doppler frequency shift
aliasing
118
caused by inappropriately high Doppler settings
Doppler noise
119
caused by sound beam striking a vessel at a 90 degree angle, producing an area void of color
flow directional abnormalities
120
occurs behind strong, granular, and irregular surfaces like crystals, calculi, or calcifications
twinkle artifact
121
between pubic bone and urinary bladder
retropubic space
122
also referred to as space of Retzius
retropubic space
123
extend alongside ascending and descending colon on both sides of abdomen
paracolic gutters
124
between the urinary bladder and rectum in males
posterior cul-de-sace
125
also referred to as rectovesical pouch
posterior cul-de-sac
126
between the uterus and rectum in females
posterior cul-de-sac
127
also referred to as pouch of Douglas
posterior cul-de-sac
128
between the urinary bladder and the uterus
anterior cul-de-sac
129
also called the vesicouterine pouch
anterior cul-de-sac
130
STAR critieria
smooth walls or borders
through transmission
anechoic
round in shape
131
provides a global view of the pelvis
transabdominal
132
number of pregnancies
gravida
133
number of pregnancies carried to term
para
134
Detected for rare ovarian tumors, developing gestation
HcG
135
lab value that should be evaluated in cases of suspected ectopic pregnancy
hematocrit
136
Low hematocrit indicates:
bleeding
137
elevated white blood cell count
leukocytosisk
138
Patients who has some form of "itis", or possibly even as abscess, have an abnormal _______
white blood cell count
139
Most common cause of nosocomial infection
urinary tract infection
140
apply to blood, non intact skin, mucous membranes, contaminated equipment, and all other body fluids except sweat
standard precautions
141
Most effective means of protecting spread of infection
proper handwashing and hand cleaning
142
practices used to render an object or area free of pathogenic microorganisms
medical asepsis
143
Invasive procedures commonly performed in sonography department include
sonohysterogram
organ biopsies
mass biopsies
abscess drainages
144
allows for easy storage and comparison between sonographic findings and straightforward correlation between other image modality findings
PACS
145
The higher the frequency, the ____ the penetration abilities, the ____ the resolution
lower
better
146
Transabdominal transducers employ frequencies lower than __ MHz
6
147
Transvaginal transducers typically employ frequencies ___ MHz or greater
7.5
148
used for imaging very superficial structures
standoff pad
149
ability to accurately obtain volumetric measurements of structures
3D imaging
150
______ is much more common in adolescence
ovarian torsion
151
Adnexal or ovarian torsion is associated with:
large ovarian or adnexal cyst or mass
excessive mobility of adnexal structures
152
condition in which newborn's external genitalia are recognizably neither male nor female
ambiguous genitalia
153
most common disorder of sex development
Turner syndrome
154
also referred to as monosomy X
Turner syndrome
155
gonadal dysfunction
short stature
webbing of skin on neck
Turner syndrome
156
kidney located within the pelvic
pelvic kidney
157
fluid that can collect in the pelvis
ascites
158
pelvic ascites can be associated with:
ovarian tumors
ectopic pregnancies
cirrhosis
portal hypertension
159
pelvic ascites, pleural effusion, and a benign ovarian mass
Meigs syndrome
160
malignant ovarian tumors that leak mucinous material
pseudomyxoma peritnei
161
A simple cyst should have _____, demonstrate ______, be completely _____, and be _____ in shape.
smooth walls
through transmission
anechoic
round
162
An advantage of ______ imaging, is that it offers improved resolution of the endometrium, uterus, and ovaries, especially in the obese patient.
endovaginal
163
The number of pregnancies is _____, whereas ____ is the number of pregnancies that a patient carried to term.
gravida
para
164
A decrease in _____ indicates bleeding.
hematocrit
165
Which of the following would be associated with hirsutism?
a. polycystic ovary syndrome
b. meigs syndrome
c. adenomyosis
d. adenomyomatosis
a
166
Which of the following would be caused by a large acoustic interface and subsequent product of false echoes?
a. posterior shadowing
b. acoustic enhancement
c. mirror image
d. reverberation
d
167
Which of the following would be best defined as abnormally heavy menstrual flow?
a. menometrorrhagia
b. menorrhagia
c. metrorrhagia
d. hypomennorhea
b
168
Which of the following would be best defined as regularly timed menses but light flow?
a. menometrorrhagia
b. mennorhagia
c. metrorrhagia
d. hypomennorhea
d
169
All of the following would be relevant laboratory tests to evaluate before performing a routine pelvic sonogram except:
a. human chorionic gonadotropin
b. hematocrit
c. white blood cell count
d. lipase
d
170
Which of the following could be described as an infection of the female genital tract that may involve the ovaries, uterus, and/or the fallopian tubes?
a. pseudomyxoma peritnei
b. pelvic inflammatory disease
c. polycystic ovarian disease
d. ovarian torsion
b
171
Which of the following diagnostic tests is used to evaluate emitted radiation from the patient to asses the function of organs?
a. MRI
b. Nuclear medicine
c. radiography
d. CT
b
172
Endovaginal transducers may be disinfected by submerging in a(n) ____-based solution
glutaraldehyde
173
Leukocytosis would most likely be associated with:
a. multiple degenerating fibroids
b. ovarian teratoma
c. adenomyosis
d. pelvic inflammatory disease
d
174
