Chapter 25: The Fetal Face and Neck

Question 1

Which of the following would least likely cause an obstruction to fetal swallowing and thus polyhydramnios?
a. fetal goiter
b. epignathus
c. macroglossia
d. anophthalmia

Answer 1

d

Question 2

The term nuchal refers to:

Answer 2

neck

Question 3

The term for absence of the ear:

Answer 3

anotia

Question 4

Which of the following may be caused by amniotic band syndrome?
a. cleft lip
b. microphthalmia
c. anophthalmia
d. epignathus

Answer 4

a

Question 5

What scan plane would most likely optimize the visualization of a cleft lip?

Answer 5

coronal

Question 6

Which of the following is not a true statement about the maxilla?
a. shortening of the maxilla may result in flattened facial features
b. the maxilla is typically long in the fetus with trisomy 21
c. a maxillary gap is best noted in the sagittal plane
d. the prefrontal space distance can help indicate maxillary abnormalities

Answer 6

b

Question 7

Sonographically, you visualized a hypoechoic, round structure with a thin hyperechoic border in the anterior aspect of both fetal eyes. What is the explanation for this finding?

Answer 7

fetal lenses

Question 8

The isolated enlargement of the fetal thyroid is referred to as:

Answer 8

fetal goiter

Question 9

The absence of the eyes is termed:

Answer 9

anophthalmia

Question 10

A reduction in the distance between the orbits is referred to as:

Answer 10

hypotelorism

Question 11

An increased nuchal fold is most likely associated with:

Answer 11

trisomy 21

Question 12

The most frequently encountered chromosomal abnormality associated with holoprosencephaly is:

Answer 12

trisomy 13

Question 13

What is the term for a smaller than normal ear?

Answer 13

microtia

Question 14

The fetal lip typically closes by:

Answer 14

8 weeks

Question 15

The most common cause of hypertelorism is:

Answer 15

anterior cephalocele

Question 16

Macroglossia is most commonly found with:

Answer 16

Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome

Question 17

An oral teratoma is referred to as:

Answer 17

epignathus

Question 18

There is a definite link between microtia and what syndrome?

Answer 18

Down syndrome

Question 19

Which of the following would be most difficult to detect sonographically?
a. cleft lip and cleft palate
b. isolated cleft lip
c. isolated cleft palate
d. isolated median cleft

Answer 19

c

Question 20

An increase in distance between the orbits is referred to as:

Answer 20

hypertelorism

Question 21

The optimal scan plane to visualize micrognathia is:

Answer 21

sagittal

Question 22

A cystic hygroma is the result of:

Answer 22

an abnormal accumulation of lymphatic fluid within the soft tissue

Question 23

Which of the following would most likely involve the development of a cystic hygroma?
a. Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome
b. Hydranencephaly
c. Turner syndrome
d. Klinefelter syndrome

Answer 23

c

Question 24

Which of the following may also be referred to as Turner syndrome?
a. Down syndrome
b. Trisomy 15
c. Trisomy 13
d. Monosomy X

Answer 24

d

Question 25

Nuchal thickening is most commonly associated with:

Answer 25

Down syndrome

Question 26

Micrognathia is a condition found in:

Answer 26

trisomy 18

Question 27

The most common location of a cystic hygroma is within the :

Answer 27

neck

Question 28

An absent or hypoplastic nasal bone is most likely associated with:

Answer 28

trisomy 21

Question 29

An unusual protuberance of the tongue is termed:

Answer 29

macroglossia

Question 30

Facial anomalies, when discovered, should prompt the sonographer to analyze the brain closely for signs of:

Answer 30

holoprosencephaly

Question 31

The measurement obtained between the lateral walls of the orbits is referred to as the:

Answer 31

binocular diameter

Question 32

Which of the following is a benign congenital neck cyst found most often near the angle of the mandible? a. epignathus b. branchial cleft cyst c. thyroglossal duct cyst d. fetal goiter

Answer 32

b

Question 33

A large, mostly cystic mass containing a thick, midline septation is noted in the cervical spine region of a fetus. This most likely represents a(n):

Answer 33

cystic hygroma

Question 34

A group of abnormalities associated with the entrapment of fetal parts and fetal amputations is:

Answer 34

amniotic band syndrome

Question 35

The growth disorder syndrome synonymous with organ, skull, and tongue enlargement is:

Answer 35

Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome

Question 36

Which of the following is referred to as Patau syndrome? a. trisomy 18 b. trisomy 21 c. trisomy 12 d. trisomy 13

Answer 36

d

Question 37

Close-set eyes and a nose with a single nostril is termed:

Answer 37

cebocephaly

Question 38

Which of the following conditions does not affect the orbits? a. cebocephaly b. cyclopia c. ethmocephaly d. epignathus

Answer 38

d

Question 39

An abnormal division in the lip is referred to as:

Answer 39

cleft lip

Question 40

At what level is the nuchal fold measurement obtained?

Answer 40

cavum septum pellucidum

Question 41

Fusion of the orbits is termed:

Answer 41

cyclopia

Question 42

Which of the following is also referred to as trisomy 21? a. Edwards Syndrome b. Patau syndrome c. Meckel-Gruber Syndrome d. Down syndrome

Answer 42

d

Question 43

The thickness of the nuchal fold in the second trimester should not exceed:

Answer 43

6mm

Question 44

A small mandible is termed:

Answer 44

micrognathia

Question 45

The condition in which there is no nose and a proboscis separating two close-set orbits is:

Answer 45

ethmocephaly

Question 46

All of the following are sonographic features of holoprosencephaly except: a. cystic hygroma b. proboscis with cyclopia c. fused thalamus d. monoventricle

Answer 46

a

Question 47

The nuchal fold measurement is typically obtained: a. before 12 weeks 6 days b. between 11 weeks and 13 weeks 6 days c. between 15 and 21 weeks d. after 24 weeks

Answer 47

c