Chapter 1: Abdominal Sonography Overview Flashcards by Billie Harney

a condition in which the red blood cell count or the hemoglobin is decreased

anemia

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drug therapy in which anticoagulant medications are given to a patient to slow down the rate at which that patient’s blood clots

anticoagulation therapy

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a collection of abdominal fluid within the peritoneal cavity

ascites

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the cells in the adrenal medulla that secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine

chromaffin cells

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the information gathered by obtaining a clinical history

clinical findings

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a patient’s signs and symptoms, pertinent illnesses, past surgeries, laboratory findings, and the results of other diagnostic testing

clinical history

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disorders that result from the body’s inability to coagulate or form blood clots; also referred to as bleeding disorders

coagulopathies

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ultrasound imaging tool that utilizes electronic beam steering of the transducer array in order to obtain many overlapping scans from varying angles, thus improving image resolution and reducing artifacts; also referred to as compound spatial imaging

compound imaging ultrasound

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an imaging modality that uses x-ray to obtain cross-sectional images of the body in multiple planes; also referred to as CT or computerized axial tomography (CAT scan)

computed tomography

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a sonographic technique employed to evaluate tissue based on stiffness

elastography

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a means of looking inside of the human body using an endoscope

endoscopy

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a collection of abdominal fluid within the peritoneal cavity that may be associated with cancer

exudate ascites

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a distinctive line seen within a cyst representing the layering of two different fluid densities

fluid-fluid level

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hormone produced by the stomach lining that is used to regulate the release of digestive acid

gastrin

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ultrasound imaging tool that utilizes a nonlinear propagation of ultrasound as it travels through the body in order to improve axial and lateral resolution and reduce imaging artifacts; also referred to as tissue harmonic imaging

harmonics imaging

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a laboratory value that indicates the amount of red blood cells in the blood

hematocrit

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the body’s ability or tendency to maintain internal equilibrium by adjusting its physiologic processes

homeostasis

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a condition that results from the over production of thyroid hormones

hyperthyroidism

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low blood sugar

hypoglycemia

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a condition that results from the underproduction of thyroid hormones

hypothyroidism

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located within the lumen or opening of an organ or structure

intraluminal

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located within the parietal peritoneum

intraperitoneal

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cancer that causes lesions to develop on the skin and other places; often associated with AIDS

Kaposi-sarcoma

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an elevated white blood cell count

leukocytosis

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disease or enlargement of the lymph nodes

lymphadenopathy

buildup of lymph that is most likely caused by the obstruction of lymph drainage

lymphedema

imaging modality that uses magnetic waves to obtain images of the human body in various planes

magnetic resonance imaging

the displacement or alteration of normal anatomy that is located adjacent to a tumor

mass effect

the space between the liver and the right kidney; referred to as the posterior right subhepatic space

Morison Pouch

having many cavities

multiloculated

small solid internal projections of tissue originating from the wall of a cyst

mural nodules

hospital-acquired infections

nosocomial infections

a diagnostic imaging modality that utilizes the administration of radionuclides into the human body for an analysis of the function of organs or for the treatment of various abnormalities

nuclear medicine

hidden

occult

large cells of glandular origin

oncocytes

a procedure that uses a needle to drain fluid from the abdominal cavity for diagnostic and/or therapeutic reasons

paracentesis

the portion of the peritoneum that lines the abdominal and pelvic cavities

parietal peritoneum

endocrine gland located in the brain that secretes melatonin

pineal gland

a diagnostic imaging modality that uses ionizing radiation for imaging bones, joints, organs, and some other soft tissue structures

radiography

posterior to the peritoneum

retroperitoneal

fluid that is secreted by the serous membranes to reduce friction in the peritoneal and other cavities of the body

serosal fluid

objective proof of a disease such as abnormal laboratory findings and fever

signs

information gathered by performing a sonographic examination

sonographic findings

the space between the urinary bladder and the pubic bone; also referred to as the retropubic space

space of Retzius

a gel pad that is used to provide some distance between the transducer face and the skin surface, allowing superficial structures to be imaged more clearly

standoff pad

any subjective evidence of a disease such as nausea, weakness, or numbness

symptoms

a procedure that uses a needle to drain fluid from the pleural cavity for either diagnostic or therapeutic reasons

thoracentesis

gland of the immune and lymphatic system located in the chest

thymus gland

a collection of abdominal fluid within the peritoneal cavity often associated with cirrhosis

transudate ascites

biomarkers found in blood, urine, or other body tissues that elevate in response to cancer

tumor markers

having a single cavity

unilocular

the portion of the peritoneum that is closely applied to each organ

visceral peritoneum

enlargement of an organ

visceromegaly

a radiographic examination used to evaluate the lower urinary tract, where a contrast agent is instilled into the urinary bladder by means of uretheral catheterization

voiding cystourethrogram

a congenital disorder that causes a person to retain excess copper

Wilson's disease

toward the front of the body or the front of a body part

on the opposite side of the body

contralateral

away from the surface of the body or structure

deep

farther away from the point of attachment or origin of an extremity to the trunk of the body

distal

toward the feet or away from the head; a structure that is lower than another part of the body; the lower part of an organ or structure

inferior (caudal)

on the same side of the body

ipsilateral

away from the midline of the body or pertaining to the side, situated at or on the side

lateral

toward the middle (midline) of the body or orgain

medial

toward the back or behind another structure

posterior (dorsal)

toward the origin of an attachment of a structure to the trunk

proximal

closer to the surface of the body or structure

superficial

toward the head or higher in the body

superior (cranial, cephalic)

without echoes

anechoic

having both cystic and solid components

complex

structure that produces echoes; comparative term

echogenic

of differing composition

heterogenous

of uniform composition

homogenous

having many echoes

hyperechoic

having few echoes

hypoechoic

having the same echogenicitiy

isoechoic

Normal body temperature

98.6 degrees

normal adult pulse

60-100 beats/min

normal adult blood pressure

120/80 mmHg

normal adult respiration

12-20 breaths/min

The cycle of infection

reservoir exit from reservoir vehicle of transmission portal of entry susceptible host

place on which or in which organisms grow and reproduce

reservoir

escape route for organisms

exit from reservoir

means by which organisms are carried about

vehicle of transmission

part of body where organisms enter

portal of entry

person whose body cannot fight off organisms once it enters the body and who therefore usually becomes ill

susceptible host

A sterile field ends at the level of ______

tabletop

_____ of a sterile gown are not considered sterile.

cuffs

If one sterile person must pass another, they must pass ______

back to back

occurs when the sound beam strikes a structure in a non perpendicular manner, resulting in a loss of the true echogenicity of the structure; may occur when imaging tendons

anisotropy

caused by several small, highly reflective interfaces; seen with adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder

comet-tail

caused by air or bowel gas; most often seen emanating from bowel; may be seen posterior to gas within an abscess

dirty shadowing

reflective or refractive effect seen deep to the margins of a round structure that has a significantly different speed of sound compared to surrounding tissue; may be termed refractive shadowing

edge shadowing

often seen from cystic structures and appears as narrow shadow lines originating at the edge of these structures

edge shadowing

produced by a strong specular reflector and results in a copy of the anatomy being placed deeper that the correct location

mirror image

seen posterior to the liver and diaphragm, can also be seen in Doppler modes as well

mirror image

produced when the sound beam is barely attenuated through a fluid or a fluid filled structure; may occasionally be referred to as through transmission

posterior acoustic enhancement

seen posterior to fluid filled structures such as the gallbladder and renal cysts, Also seen with pleural effusion and ascites

posterior acoustic enhancement

caused by the bending of the ultrasound beam when it passes through an interface between two tissues with vastly dissimilar speeds of sound and the angle of the approach is not perpendicular; seen when imaging through the rectus muscles of the abdominal wall

refraction

caused by a large acoustic interface and subsequent production of false echoes

reverberation

seen as an echogenic region in the anterior aspect of the gallbladder or other fluid filled structures

reverberation

artifact that appears as a solid streak or a chain of parallel bands radiating away from a structure

ring-down artifact

seen emanating from gas bubbles within the abdomen; can help to identify the presence of air in a structure, such as in the case of pneumobilia

ring-down artifact

caused by attenuation of the sound beam; seen posterior to bone, and calculi like gallstones and renal stones

shadowing

caused by the sounds beams that are peripheral to the main sound beam

side lobes

seen as low level echoes within fluid, mimicking sludge debris, or pus within a fluid-filled structure like the gallbladder

side lobes

caused by compression from 3D to 2D images

slice thickness

simulates false echoes that could resemble sludge or debris in the urinary bladder or gallbladder

slice thickness

What could an absent Doppler signal mean?

low gain low frequency high wall filter too high velocity scale

occurs when the Doppler sampling rate is not high enough to accurately display the Doppler frequency shift

aliasing

caused by inappropriately high Doppler settings

Doppler Noise

caused by the sound beam striking a vessel at a 90 degree angle, producing an area void of color

Flow directional abnormalities

occurs behind strong, granular, and irregular surfaces like crystals, calculi, or calcifications

twinkle artifact

useful in identifying small kidney or biliary stones

twinkle artifact

supplies the body with oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and WBCs and removes waste and toxins by pumping and transferring blood

Cardiovascular system

Organs or structures of the cardiovascular system

arteries and arterioles capillaries heart veins and venules

provides metabolism, nutrient uptake, energy storage, and the excretion of waste

digestive system

organs or structures of the digestive system

liver gallbladder pancreas esophagus mouth small and large bowel stomach

involved in the secretion of hormones into the blood to control many different body functions.

endocrine system

organs or structures of the endocrine system

adrenal glands liver ovaries pancreas parathyroid glands pineal gland pituitary gland testicles thyroid gland

secretes hormones or juices through ducts

exocrine system

organs or struvtures of the exocrine system

breast pancreas salivary glands liver

collection and transportation of excess fluid, absorption of fats, and immune response

lymphatic system

organs or structures of lymphatic system

adenoids bone marrow lymph nodes spleen thymus gland tonsils

provides the structural support system for the body

musculoskeletal system

organs or structures of the musculoskeletal system

cartilage connective tissue joints ligaments muscles tendons