Chapter 17

Question 1

diseases

Answer 1

deviations from or interruptions of the normal structure or function of any part, organ, or system

Question 2

prokaryotes

Answer 2

cellular organisms that lack a true nucleus

Question 3

which transmission based precaution involves patients infected with pathogens that disseminate through the air, and are placed in a negative pressure isolation room?

Answer 3

airborne

Question 4

two categories of aspesis

Answer 4

surgical and medical

Question 5

bacteriostatic agent

Answer 5

stops bacterial growth

Question 6

which two blood borne pathogens are of concern within the hospital?

Answer 6

Hep B
HIV

Question 7

when are transmission based precautions used?

Answer 7

whenever a patient is infected with a pathogenic organism or a communicable disease

Question 8

what are the steps necessary for an infectious agent to become an infectious disease?

Answer 8

chain of infection
encounter
entry
spread
multiplication
damage
outcome

Question 9

bacteria

Answer 9

prokaryotic, ubiquitous, single celled organisms

Question 10

fomite

Answer 10

object like a book, word, or clothing that is not harmful but can harbor pathogenic organisms

Question 11

pathogens

Answer 11

disease producing microorganisms

Question 12

resevoir

Answer 12

alternative or passive host or carrier that harbors pathogenic organisms

Question 13

how are fungi distinguished from bacteria?

Answer 13

intracellular organelles can be visualized within a fungal cell

Question 14

when does direst host-to-host transmission occur?

Answer 14

an infected individual transmits infection by a number of methods (handholding, coughing, sexual contact)

Question 15

exogenously

Answer 15

from outside the body

Question 16

what is a latent/dormant infection?

Answer 16

travel within the nervous system reappearing sporadically and emerge at the nerve ending

Question 17

medical aspesis

Answer 17

reduction in numbers of infectious agents, decreased probability of infection

Question 18

what is the incubation period?

Answer 18

infectious agents multiply for their impact to be recognized

Question 19

nosocomial

Answer 19

pertaining to or originating in the hospital

Question 20

3 outcomes an infectious agent can result in

Answer 20

host gains control
infectious agent gains control
host + infectious agent live in a state of symbiosis

Question 21

disinfectants

Answer 21

chemicals used to free an environment from pathogenic organisms

Question 22

flora

Answer 22

microbial community found on or in a healthy person

Question 23

blood borne pathogens

Answer 23

disease causing microorganisms that may be present in human blood

Question 24

virion

Answer 24

complete viral particle found extracellularly and capable of surviving in crystalline form and infecting a living cell

Question 25

sterilization

Answer 25

complete destruction or elimination of all living microorganisms accomplished by chemical agents, radiation, mechanical or physical methods

Question 26

infection

Answer 26

invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues

Question 27

when are contact precautions used?

Answer 27

caring for a patient infected with a virulent pathogen that spreads by direct contact with the patient or by indirect contact with a contaminated object

Question 28

list the standard precautions

Answer 28

handwashing, gloves, PPE, needle recapping sweep

Question 29

which step involves the infectious organism coming in to contact with the host?

Answer 29

1. encounter

Question 30

surgical aspesis

Answer 30

prevent contamination by microbes and endospores before, during, or after surgery

Question 31

iatrogenic

Answer 31

resulting from the activities of physicians

Question 32

why are viruses not able to live outside a living cell?

Answer 32

lack components necessary for their own survival because of their inability to synthesize specific required proteins

Question 33

3 general morphologies of bacteria

Answer 33

cocci/spheres bacilli/rods spirals

Question 34

protozoa are classified according to their...?

Answer 34

motility

Question 35

when is a host said to have a disease?

Answer 35

only when the infection results in injury to the host

Question 36

examples of vector

Answer 36

usually an arthropod (flea, tick, mosquito)

Question 37

vector

Answer 37

carrier, that transfers an infectious agent from one host to another (usually an arthropod)

Question 38

asepsis

Answer 38

freedom from infection

Question 39

why are humans a favorable host environment for the growth of microbes?

Answer 39

the abundance of organic nutrients and metabolites found within the human body

Question 40

fungi

Answer 40

absence of chlorophyll and presence of a rigid cell wall

Question 41

endospores

Answer 41

highly resistant resting form of bacteria. metabolically dormant structures

Question 42

morphology

Answer 42

size or shape of the bacterium and is routinely determined by a staining technique called gram staining

Question 43

microorganisms

Answer 43

microscopic organisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa)

Question 44

4 basic infectious agents

Answer 44

bacteria, fungi, protozoan parasites, fungi

Question 45

heathcare associated infection

Answer 45

patients acquire while they are receiving treatment for another healthcare issue

Question 46

phagocytosis

Answer 46

removing foreign particles, engulfing an destroying them

Question 47

list examples of how an infectious microbe gains entry through ingression, and examples of penetration

Answer 47

ingression = ingestion, contaminated food, or water penetration = tissue cuts or wounds

Question 48

how are fungi classified?

Answer 48

according to the type and method of sexual reproduction

Question 49

endogenously

Answer 49

from inside the body

Question 50

bactericidal agent

Answer 50

kills cells

Question 51

examples of fomite

Answer 51

inanimate object that has been in contact with an infectious organism

Question 52

what must exist for the infections to be transmitted?

Answer 52

chain of infection

Question 53

eukaryotes

Answer 53

organisms whose cells have a true nucleus

Question 54

protozoa

Answer 54

subkingdom comprising the simplest organisms of the animal kingdom

Question 55

3 functions pathogens have the ability to do

Answer 55

multiply in large numbers cause tissue damage secrete organic substances called exotoxins

Question 56

term used when a person serves as a resevoir

Answer 56

carrier

Question 57

when should standard precautions be used?

Answer 57

performing procedures that may require contact with blood, body fluids, secretions, excretions, mucous membranes, and non intact skin

Question 58

examples of infections that require droplet precautions

Answer 58

rubella, mumps, influenza, adenovirus

Question 59

4 different classifications for diseases caused by fungi

Answer 59

superficial cutaneous subcutaneous systemic

Question 60

viruses

Answer 60

minute infectious agents characterized by lack of independent metabolism and ability to replicate only in living host cells

Question 61

host

Answer 61

animal/plant that harbors or nourishes another organism

Question 62

single most important means of preventing the spread of infection

Answer 62

handwashing

Question 63

what causes infectious diseases?

Answer 63

pathogenic microorganisms