Chapter 23

Question 1

acid group

Answer 1

contains carbon double bonded to an oxygen, single bonded to another oxygen, and a negative charge at the pH of the body

Question 2

what does hydrophilic mean and why is it an advantage of lower osmolality contrast media?

Answer 2

water soluble
less likely to be reactive with the cells that trigger allergic reactions

Question 3

amine group

Answer 3

contains nitrogen bonded to two hydrogen atoms

Question 4

barium peritonitis

Answer 4

BaSO4, extravates and causes inflammation of the abdominal cavity

Question 5

what is barium sulfate?

Answer 5

powder composed of crystals, BaSO4

Question 6

anaphylactoid

Answer 6

resembling an immune system response to foreign material

Question 7

what are the ways negative contrast agents are administered? do they have a high or low atomic number?

Answer 7

gas (air), tablets, crystals, soda water (carbon dioxide)
low atomic number

Question 8

why are most adverse reactions to contrast media related to the osmolality of the media?

Answer 8

the osmolality determines osmotic pressure, which controls the movement of water in the body

Question 9

atomic numbers

Answer 9

numbers of protons in the nuclei of the different elements

Question 10

blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

Answer 10

reveals whether the urea nitrogen levels are higher than normal, suggesting that the kidneys or liver may not be working properly

Question 11

bronchospasm

Answer 11

involuntary constriction of the bronchial tubes usually resulting from an immune system reaction to a foreign particle or molecule

Question 12

creatinine

Answer 12

nitrogen containing waste products of metabolism excreted by the kidneys filtration system; high blood plasma levels indicate poor filtration by kidneys

Question 13

dimer

Answer 13

compound formed by bonding of two identical similar molecules

Question 14

histamine

Answer 14

molecular substance containing an amine group; causes bronchial constriction and a decrease in blood pressure

Question 15

ionic

Answer 15

atom or molecule having a negative (anion) or positive (cation) charge

Question 16

what are the two molecular particles ionic media dissociates to, in water or blood plasma? which is negative and positive?

Answer 16

anion = negative
cation = positive

Question 17

most ionic iodine contrast media are identified as what?

Answer 17

lower osmolality contrast media

Question 18

why is it important for patients to drink fluids after receiving barium sulfate?

Answer 18

residue can dry and cause obstruction

Question 19

monomers

Answer 19

simple molecules of a compound of relatively low molecular weight

Question 20

radiopharmaceutical

Answer 20

pharmaceutical compound that is attached to a radioisotope

Question 21

suspension

Answer 21

nonuniform mixture of two or more substances, one of which is composed of larger than molecule size particles that have a tendency to cluster together

Question 22

what are factors that affect the degree of radiographic density differences?

Answer 22

absorption of the tissues, technical factors used, characteristics of the IR, image processing, use of contrast

Question 23

the body absorbs x-ray photons according to what? which absorbs more x-ray photons?

Answer 23

various tissue atomic numbers and amount of matter per volume of tissue
tissues with high atomic number absorb more

Question 24

which radiographic images result in few density differences and are difficult to visualize?

Answer 24

anatomic areas classified as low in subject contrast

Question 25

how is contrast media classified?

Answer 25

negative/positive agents ionic/non-ionic agents

Question 26

areas filled with negative contrast agents appear __________ and have an _________density.

Answer 26

dark, increased

Question 27

contrast media

Answer 27

diagnostic agents that are instilled into the body to enhance subject contrast in anatomic areas where low subject contrast exists

Question 28

solution

Answer 28

uniform mixture of two or more substances composed of molecule sized particles that do not react together chemically

Question 29

osmosis

Answer 29

movement of water from an area of high concentration to low concentration through a semipermeable membrane such as blood vessels and cell membranes

Question 30

osmolality

Answer 30

measurement of the number of particles (molecules/ions/cations) that can crowd out water molecules in a measured mass (kg) of water

Question 31

methyl groups

Answer 31

common biochemical groups containing one carbon atom and 3 hydrogen atoms

Question 32

areas filed with positive contrast agents appear ___________ and have ____________density.

Answer 32

light, decreased

Question 33

flocculation

Answer 33

formation of flaky masses resulting from precipitation or coming out of a suspension or solution

Question 34

why is barium sulfate contraindicated if a patient is thought to have a perforation in the digestive tract?

Answer 34

the body does not absorb BaSO4 naturally

Question 35

what is another name for viscosity and what can be done to reduce it and facilitate the ability for rapid injection?

Answer 35

viscosity = friction heating the medium to body temperature

Question 36

osmotic diuresis

Answer 36

increased secretion of urine

Question 37

increased ____________ and ____________ levels indicate the patient may have renal disease and are good indicators for possible contrast medium renal effects.

Answer 37

BUN, creatinine

Question 38

what are two issues that could occur with a rapid injection for a pediatric through a small angiocath with a high viscosity agent?

Answer 38

proper injection may not be possible, catheter could burst

Question 39

what is the primary concern when working with short-lived unsealed radiation sources?

Answer 39

contamination

Question 40

examples of external and internal contamination of radiopharmaceuticals

Answer 40

external = dropped, spilled, splashed internal = inhalation, ingestion, absorption

Question 41

in patient prep, the general considerations for the patient have two aims. what are they and how are they performed?

Answer 41

contrast media reaction prevention preparedness in the event of adverse reaction

Question 42

what is the most important patient care aspect before administration of water-soluble iodine contrast media?

Answer 42

patient history

Question 43

NSF

Answer 43

nephrogenic systemic fibrosis