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Biology > Chapter 17 > Flashcards

Chapter 17 Flashcards

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1
Q

Archibald Garrod

A

Suggested that genes dictate phenotype through enzyme. He reasoned that most people will have an enzymes that breaks down alkaptom, whereas people with alkaptonuria have inherited an inability to make enzyme, so alkalpton is expelled in the urine

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2
Q

One gene one enzyme

A

States that the function of a gene is to dictate the production of a specific enzyme

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3
Q

Gene expression

A

The information encoded in gene is used to make specific polypeptide chain or RNA molecule

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4
Q

Transcription

A

The synthesis of RNA complementary to template strand

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5
Q

Template strand

A

Used to as a sample during replication

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6
Q

Translation

A

Is the synthesis of a polypeptide whose amino acid sequence is specified by by nucleotide sequence in MRNA

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7
Q

Codon

A

Genetic information encoded as a sequence of non overlapping nucleotide triplets called codon

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8
Q

Reading frame

A

Three codon frame

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9
Q

MRNA

A

It carries genetic message from the DNA to protein synthesis machinery

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10
Q

Alternate splicing

A

Process by which each gene code set for closely related polypeptide. Can alter between exon and intron.

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11
Q

Ribosome

A

Site of translation

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12
Q

Transcription in eukaryotes bs prokaryotes

A

In a eukaryotic cell, by contrast, the nuclear envelope separates transcription from translation in space and time

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13
Q

Primary transcription

A

The initial RNA transcript from any gene, including those specifying RNA that is not translated into protein, is more generally called a primary transcript.

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14
Q

Number of possible arrangements of bases

A

They are four bases. There for 16 possibility

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15
Q

Difference between mRNA and DNA

A

DNA has t which is complementary and mRNA has U

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16
Q

Stop condon

A

Codon like UAA, UAG and UFA after which replication stops

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17
Q

Start codon

A

Met (AUG) need for starting replication

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18
Q

RNA polymerase

A

An enzyme that prises the two strand of DNA apart and join together RNA nucleotide complementary to the DNA template stant . Work only in 5’->3’

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19
Q

Promoter

A

The DNA sequence where RNA polymerase attached and initiates transcription is known as promoter

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20
Q

Terminator

A

The sequence that signal the end of transcription is called the terminator

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21
Q

Transcription unit

A

The stretches of DNA downstream from the promoter that is transcribed into an RNA molecule is called transcription unit

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22
Q

The stages of transcription, elongation and termination

A

Initiation:after RNA polymerase binds to promoter, the DNA strand unwind and the polymerase initiates RNA synthesis at the start point of the template strand

Elongation p: the polymerase move downstream unwinding the DNA and elongating the RNA transcript 5’-3’. It reform double helix

Termination: eventually RNA transcription is released and the polymerase detaches from DNA

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23
Q

Transcription factor

A

A collection of protein that mediate binding of RNA polymerase and the initiation of transcription

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24
Q

Transcription initiation complex

A

The whole complex of transcription factor and RNA polymerase 2 bound to the promoter

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25
Tata box
Crucial promoter DNA sequence which form initiation complex at eukaryotic promoter.
26
Rate of transcription during elongation
40 nucleotide per second
27
Initiation transcription at eukaryotic promoter
1-A eukaryotic promoter commonly includes a TATA box, a nucleotide sequence containing TATA, about 25 nucleotides upstream from the transcriptional start point. 2-Several transcription factors, one recognizing the TATA box, must bind to the DNA before RNA polymerase II can bind in the correct position and orientation. 3-A dditional transcription factors (purple) bind to the DNA along with RNA polymerase II, forming the transcription initiation complex. RNA polymerase II then unwinds the DNA double helix, and RNA synthesis begins at the start point on the template strand.
28
Termination in bacteria vs eukaryotes
- in bacteria transcription proceeds through a terminator sequence of DNA, there terminator function as termination signal causing polymerase to detach from DNA and release transcription - in eukaryotes RNA polymerase 2 transcribed a sequence on DNA called polyadenylation signal . These protein cut the transcript free from polymerase
29
RNA processing
-makes RNA splicing , the addition of a modification nucleotide from 5’capto the 5’ end and the addition of. Pole-Atailthe 3’ end .
30
Exon
The region include in the mRNA
31
RNA splicing
RNA polymerase II transcribes both introns and exons from the DNA, but the mRNA molecule that enters the cyto- plasm is an abridged version. The introns are cut out from the molecule and the exons joined together, forming an mRNA molecule with a continuous coding sequence. Typically carried by splicpsome
32
Alternative RNA splicing
The prsencemdpllldlld
33
Ribozymes
Catalytic ability of some ribosome
34
RNA processing
Both ends of the primary transcript are altered.
35
Function of 5’cap poly A tail share several important functions
1) they seem to facilitate the export of the mature mRNA from nucleus 2) they help protect mRNA from degradation by hydrolytic enzyme 3) they help ribosome attach to the 5’ end of mRNA reaches the cytoplasm
36
Which region are not translated and what is its function
Untranslated region are not translated and it has other function like ribosome binding
37
Intron
Non coding region
38
Properties of RNA
- because RNA is single- stranded, a region of an RNA molecule may base-pair with a complementary region elsewhere in the same molecule, which gives the molecule a particular three-dimensional. - contain functional groups that may participate in catalysis. - the ability of RNA to hydrogen-bond with other nucleic acid molecules (either RNA or DNA) adds specificity to its catalytic activity.
39
Domains
Discrete structural and functional region in protein
40
Exon and Shifting
Process which facilitates the evolution of new potentially beneficial protein
41
Transfer TRNA
A series of message of codon along mRNA molecules and the translator is called transfer protein. Function is to transfer amino acid from cytoplasmic pool to a growing polypeptide in ribosome.
42
Anticodon
The particular nucleotide triplet that base-pair to specific mRNA codon
43
Aminoacyl tRNA synthesis
Enzyme that correct matching up tRNA and amino acid is carried out by a family. It fits on specific combinations of amino acid.
44
Wobble
The flexible base pairing (synonym )at this codon position is called wobble
45
Ribosome
Facility the specific coupling of tRNA and anticodon with mRNA codon during protein synthesis.
46
Spite
Peptide-tRNA holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain
47
ASite
Aminoacyl-tRNA. Holds the tRNA carrying next amino acid
48
E-site
Exit site -Discharge tRNA leave the ribosome
49
Ribosome translation in bacteria and eukaryotes
In bacteria, the small subunit can bind these two in either order; it binds the mRNA at a specific RNA sequence, just upstream of the start codon, AUG. In eukaryotes, the small subunit, with the initiator tRNA already bound, binds to the 5′ cap of the mRNA and then moves, or scans, down- stream along the mRNA until it reaches the start codon; the initiator tRNA then hydrogen-bonds to the AUG
50
Elongation of the polypeptide chain
In the elongation stage of translation, amino acids are added one by one to the previous amino acid at the C-terminus of the growing chain. Each addition involves the participation of several proteins called elongation factor. Move from 5’-3’ on the mRNA
51
Termination of translation
release factor causes the addition of a water molecule instead of an amino acid to the polypeptide chain. This reaction breaks (hydrolyzes) the bond between the completed polypeptide and the tRNA in the P site, releasing the polypeptide through the exit tunnel
52
Signal peptide
Which targets the protein to the ER
53
Signal recondition particle
Polypeptide is recognised as it emerges from the ribosome by a protein RNA complex called signal-recognition particles
54
The signal mechanism of targeting protein to ER
1-polypeptide synthesis begin on a free ribosome in the cytosol 2-An SRP binds to the signal peptide, halting synthesis momentarily 3-The SRP binds to a receptor protein in the ER membrane part of a protein complex that forms a pore and has signal cleaving enzyme 4-The SRP leaves, and polypeptide synthesis resumes with simultaneous translocation across the membrane 5-the signal cleaving enzyme cuts off the signal peptide 6-The rest of the completed polypeptide leaves the ribosome and folds its conformation
55
Polyribosome
Strings of ribosome
56
Mutation
Changes in genetic information
57
Point mutation
Changes in a signal nucleotide pair of a gene
58
Nucleotide pair substitution
Is the replacement of one nucleotide and it’s partner partner with another pair of nucleotide
59
Silent mutation
Has no observable effect on the phenotype. For eg C replace with G or A replace with T or the amino acid form remain same
60
Missense mutation
Substitution that change knw amino acid to another on are called missense mutation
61
Nonsense
Changes from an amino acid codon to a stop codon as a result translation is terminated prematurely
62
Insertion and deletion
Addition or losses of nucleotide pairs in a gene.
63
Frameshift mutation
Occurs whenever the number of nucleotide inserted or deleted is not a multiple of three . All nucleotide down the stream down the stream will improperly coded.
64
Mutagen
Interact with DNA in a way that causes mutation.eg UV light or disruptive thymine diners in DNA

Biology (15 decks)

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