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Biology > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Macromolecules

A

Huge molecules like nucleic acid and protein are macromolecules. They are made by combining many monomer

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2
Q

Polymer

A

A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building block linked by covalent bonds.

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3
Q

Monomers

A

They are repeating unit served as the building block of polymer are smaller molecules

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4
Q

Enzymes

A

Specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reaction.

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5
Q

Dehydration reaction

A

Reaction in which two molecules are covalently bonded as a result a water molecule is lost.

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6
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Polymer are disassembled to monomer. A water molecule is used in this reaction. It is reverse of dehydration.

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7
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Includes sugar and polymers of sugar.

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8
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Simplist carbohydrate.include glucose,galactose and fructose

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9
Q

Disaccharide

A

I two monosaccharides join y glycosidic linkage. Example includes maltose, sucrose and lactose.

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10
Q

Polysaccharide

A

Are macromolecules polymer where more than two monosaccharides are combined. Includes starch(plants), glycogen(animals) and cellulose(plants) and chitin(animal and plants)

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11
Q

What is the function of monosaccharides and disaccharide?

A

Fuel, carbon source that can be converted to other molecules or combined to make polymer

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12
Q

Polysaccharide

A
  • strengthen plant cell walls
  • stores glucose for energy
  • strengthen exoskeletons and fungal cell wall
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13
Q

Compare composition of starch,cellulose and glycogen and cellulose? What role do they play?

A
  • Starch is a polymer of glucose monomer in plants. It is a form of storage polysaccharide. the sugar can be later withdrawn in form of glucose.
  • Glycogen is a polymer of glucose in animal.it is also a form polysaccharide. It is found mainly in liver cells.the expensive branches in the structure makes it fit for function
  • calleulose is a major component of tough wall walls that enclose plant cell. Like starch it is a monomer of glucose but the glycosidic bonds are different,. It follow beta configuration therefore structure is upside down.
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14
Q

How is maltose formed?

A

Glucose + glucose =maltose

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15
Q

How is sucrose formed?

A

Fructose + glucose = sucrose

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16
Q

How is galactose formed?

A

Glucose + galactose = lactose

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17
Q

What is chitin?

A

Chitin is another polysaccharide used by anthropoids to build their exoskeleton. Chitin is also formed in fungi, which uses polysaccharide rather cellulose is similar to cellulose with beta linkage except that it contains a monomer with nitrogen-containing appendage.

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18
Q

Lipids

A

-biological molecules
—not bing enough to consider macromolecules
- mix poorly in water
-function : waxes and certain pigment

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19
Q

Fats

A

A fat is constructed from two kinds of smaller molecules: glycerol and fatty acid

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20
Q

Fatty acid

A

A fatty acid has long carbon structure, usually 16 or 18carbon atoms in length.. the relative non polar C-H bonds in hydrocarbon chain in of fatty acid makes it hydrophobic.

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21
Q

Triacylglycerol

A

3 fatty acid molecules are joined with glycerol through ester linkage. A bond form by dehydration reaction between hydroxyl and carbonyl group.

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22
Q

Saturated fatty acid

A
  • has no double bond between carbon chain in its fat molecule
  • at room temperature it is solid
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23
Q

Unsaturated

A

Have one or more double bond between carbon in its fat molecule. At room temperature it is liquid.

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24
Q

Trans fat

A

Contribute toward a coronary heart disease.trans fat is used in frozen food.

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25
Function of fat
- energy storage | - human and other mammal stock their fat for long term in its adipose tissue.
26
Phospholipid
-are essential for cell because they are major constitutes of cell membrane. Two fatty acid is attached to glycerol. The two end phospholipid chain have different behaviour. The tail are hydrophobic while head is hydrophilic. They form belayer when assembled
27
Steroid
Are lipids characterised by carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings. Different steroid are distinguish by particular chemical group.
28
Cholesterol
A type Of steroid which is crucial in animal . Major components of animal cell membrane and is also a prosecutor from which other steroids are synthesised.
29
What does high level of cholesterol contribute too in human ?
A high level level contribute to atherosclerosis.
30
Catalyst
Chemical agent that selectively speeds up the chemical reactions without being itself used,
31
Peptide bond
The bond between amino acid
32
Polypeptide
Polypeptide protein is a biological function molecule made up of one or more polypeptide, each folded and coiled into a specific 3D shape.
33
Amino acid
An organic molecule in which amino group and carboxylate group are bonded
34
Protein function
- enzymatic protein: selectively accelerate chemical reactions - storage protein: storage of amino acid - hormonal protein:coordination of an organism activities - contractile and motor protein : movement - defensive protein:protection against diseases - transport protein: transport of substance - receptor protein : response of cell to chemical stimuli - structural protein:support
35
How many different amino acid are there ?
20
36
Primary structure of protein
Refer to sequence of amino acid.
37
Secondary structure of protein
- form as a result hydrogen bond | - it form alpha helix and beta pleated sheets
38
Tertiary structure of protein
Is the overall shape formed as result of side chain interaction. Side chain reaction can react via hydrophobic bond, disulphides bond, ionic bond and hydrophilic bond
39
Quaternary structure
Is the overall protein structure that results from aggression of these polypeptide subunit. Example include collagen which is a fibrous protein consist of three alpha helix intervened together - another example hemoglobin . It has two alpha helix and two beta pleated sheets
40
Sickle cell disease
An inherited blood disorder, is caused by substitution of one amino acid (valine() for normal one (glutamic acid )
41
What determines protein structure pure
- ph | - temperature
42
Denaturation
When weak chemical bond or interaction is destroyed due to high ph or temperature. The protein looses its structure and is said to be denatured.
43
Chaperonin
Protein that assist in the proper folding of other proteins
44
Alzheimer disease
Occur due to misfolding of protein
45
X-ray crystallography
Has been used to determine the 3-D structure of many other proteins.
46
Gene
The amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is programmed by discrete unit of inheritance knows as gene.
47
Nucleic acid
Are polymer made of monomer called nucleotides.
48
How many type of nucleic acid arre present
They are two DNA and RNA.
49
Polynucleotide
Nucleic acid that are macromolecules that exists as polymer
50
Nucleotide
Monomer of polynucleotide
51
Pyrimidine
Has 6 member ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms. They relatively smaller than purine
52
Purines
Are larger with six member ring fused as five member ring.
53
Deoxyribose
When sugar has DNA
54
Ribose
When sugar has RNA
55
Sugar phosphate back bone
Bond formed as a result of repeating patter of sugar-phosphate units.
56
Double helix
The structure formed when two polynucleotide or strands are winded an imaginary axis .
57
Antiparallel
The DNA strand moves in opposite direction
58
Genomics
An approach used by biologist to look at problem By analysing large set of genes or even comapreing large set of genome of different species.
59
Proteomics
Analysis of large set of protein
60
Metabolomics
Analysis of small molecules called metabolites.

Biology (15 decks)

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