Choater 14

Question 1

Character

Answer 1

A heritable feature that varies among individuals, such as flower colour

Question 2

Trait

Answer 2

Each variant for a character such as purple or white colour for flower is called a trait

Question 3

Advantages for using peas in Mendel experiment

Answer 3

• short germination time
• large number of offspring in each mating
• could strictly control mating between plants
• they are many variable

Question 4

True breeding

Answer 4

Have generations of self-pollination(produce same variety as the parent )

Question 5

Hybridisation

Answer 5

Mating or crossing of two-true breeding varieties

Question 6

P generation

Answer 6

The true breeding parent are referred as p generation

Question 7

F1 generation

Answer 7

Hybrid offspring are f1 generation

Question 8

F2 generation

Answer 8

Allowing F1 hybrid to self pollinate is called F2

Question 9

Law of segregation

Answer 9

It states that two allele of heritable character segregate (separate from each other) during gamete formation and end up in different gamete

Question 10

Four basic concept making Mendels model

Answer 10

1) Alternative version of genes (allele) account for variation in inherited characters
2) for each character an organism inherits two copies of a gene, on from each parent
3) if two at locus differ than the dominant allele determines the organisms appearance, the other recessive allele has no noticeable effect on the organism
4) follow law segregation

Question 11

Homozygous

Answer 11

An organism that has a pair of identical alleles for a gene encoding a character is called a homozygote and is said to
be homozygous for that gene.

Question 12

Heterozygous

Answer 12

An organism that has two different allele for a gene is called heterozygous

Question 13

Phenotype

Answer 13

Observable trait

Question 14

Genotype

Answer 14

Genetic makeup

Question 15

Test cross

Answer 15

Breeding an organism of unknown genotype with a recessive homozygous is called a testcross

Question 16

Mono hybrid

Answer 16

They were heterozygous for the one particular character being followed in testcross

Question 17

Monohybrid cross

Answer 17

Cross between heterozygous

Question 18

Dihybrid

Answer 18

indi- viduals heterozygous for the two characters being followed in the cross (YyRr)

Question 19

Dihybrid cross

Answer 19

a cross between F1 dihybrids, can determine which of these two hypotheses is correct. Result in the ratio of 9:3:3:1

Question 20

Law of independent assortment

Answer 20

Suggest each pair of allele segregates independently of any other pair of allele during gamete formation.

Question 21

Multiplication rule

Answer 21

States that to determine probability we multiply the probability of one event with probability of other

Question 22

Addition rule

Answer 22

The probability that any one of the two or more mutually exclusive event occur is calculated by adding their individual probability

Question 23

Complete dominance

Answer 23

F1 offspring always looked like one of two parental varieties because one allele in a pair showed complete dominance over other

Question 24

Incomplete dominance

Answer 24

Occur when F1 have phenotype between the two parental varieties

Question 25

Codominance

Answer 25

In this variation the two allele each affect the phenotype in separate. Eg blood group

Question 26

Taysachs disease

Answer 26

An inherited disorder in human. For example child with Tay sach dissed cannot synthesis lipid because enzyme are not working properly. It is an example codominace

Question 27

Multiple allele

Answer 27

Occur in blood group A,B,AB,O

Question 28

Pleiotropu

Answer 28

Multiple genes affect phenotypic independently example cystic fibrosis and sickle-cell disease

Question 29

Epistasis

Answer 29

The phenotypic expression of a gene at one locus alter phenotypic express of a gene at a second locus....yellow coat if we is chosen.

Question 30

Quantative character

Answer 30

Variations are not discrete for example height and weight

Question 31

Polygenic inheritance

Answer 31

An additive effect of two or more gene on a single phenotypic character

Question 32

Multi factorial

Answer 32

Many factor both genetic and environmental collectively affect phenotype

Question 33

Pedigree

Answer 33

A family tree describing traits of parents and children across the generation

Question 34

Albinism

Answer 34

Disease in which lack of pigmentation results in susceptibility to skin cancer and vision problems. It is recessive disorder like cystic fibrosis.

Question 35

Carrier

Answer 35

Heterozygous that may transmit the recessive allele to their offspring

Question 36

Cystic fibrosis

Answer 36

Disease that result in abnormally high concentration of chloride due defective plasma membrane

Question 37

Sickle cell anemia

Answer 37

Hemogloin protein aggregates into long fibres that deform roc to sickle shape. This result in low oxygen being transported. Symptoms include weakness, pain, organ damage and stroke or paralysis. Heterozygous have an advantage in protection against malaria

Question 38

Dominated inherited disorder

Answer 38

- achondroplasia (a form dwarfism ) | - Huntington disease ( a degenerative disease of nervous system)

Question 39

Multi factorial disease

Answer 39

- heart disease - diabetes - cancer - alcoholism - certain mental illness such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder

Question 40

Amniocentesis

Answer 40

-way to determine Tay Sach disease 1j a sample amniotic fluid can be taken starting at the 14th to 16th week of pregnancy 2) biochemical and genetic test can be performed immediately on the amniotic fluid or later in culture 3) feral cell must be cultured for several week to obtain sufficient number of karyotyping

Question 41

Chorionic villus sampling

Answer 41

- a physician insert a narrow tube through crevice into uterus and suctions out a tiny sample of a tissue from the placenta - takes place as early as 8th-10th week of pregnancy