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Biology > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

Light microscope

A

Visible light passed through the specimen and then through the lenses.

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2
Q

Magnification

A

Ration of objects image to real size

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3
Q

Resolution

A

Is the measure of clarity of the image ; minimum distance of two points can be separated.
-inversely proportional to wavelength

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4
Q

Contrast

A

Is the difference in brightness between light and dark area of an image

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5
Q

Organelle

A

The membrane enclosed structure I. An eukaryotic cells.

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6
Q

Electron microscopes

A

Focuses a beam of electron through the specimen or onto its surface

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7
Q

Scanning electron microscope

A

Scans the surface of the sample,usually coated with thin film of gold.

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8
Q

Transmission electron microscope

A

Used to study internal structure of cell

-the specimen has to be stained with atom of heavy metal

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9
Q

Advantage and disadvantage of electron microscope

A

-increases resolution But kills the cell

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10
Q

Cell fractionation

A

A useful study that is used to study cell structure and function. It take ps cell parts and separate major organelle and other sub cellular structure from one another. Sample in spin in centrifuge and separated according to density. Larger cellular components are in the pellet while small components are in pellets after high speeds.

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11
Q

Eukaryotic cell

A

DNA is bounded within the nucleus

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12
Q

Eukaryotic cell

A

DNA is concentrated in a region not bounded in membranes enclosed organelle like nucleus

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13
Q

Nucleoid

A

Area where DNA is concentrated

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14
Q

Cytoplasm

A

The interior of either type of cell . . I’m eukaryotic cell it’s is between nucleus and
Plasma membrane. Within cytoplasm there is cystic in which organism are dissolved.

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15
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Boundary of all living cell is called plasma membrane.it acts as selective barrier that allows passage of enough nutrients and waste to service entire cell.

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16
Q

How surface area and volume changes as size increases.

A

As cell size increases , surface area grow volume decrease.

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17
Q

Nucleus

A

It contains most of the genes in the eukaryotic cell. It is generally 5um

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18
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

Encloses the nucleus separating from cytoplasm plasma. Double membrane .

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19
Q

Nuclear lamina

A

A netlike array of Protein filament that maintain the shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting the nuclear envelope.

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20
Q

Chromosomes

A

Within the nucleus, DNA is organised into discrete subunit called chromosomes

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21
Q

Chromatin

A

The complex of DNA and protein making up chromosomes is called chromatin

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22
Q

Nucleolus

A

A prominent structure within nucleus. A

Under microscope appear as mass dense stained granules

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23
Q

Ribosome

A

Complex made of ribosomal RNA and protein, are cellular components that carry out protein synthesis.higher the rate of protein synthesis more the ribosome

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24
Q

Smooth ribosome

A
  • are suspended in the systol

- also called free ribosome

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25
Bounded er
- are bounded to endoplasm | - function include making protein that are designed for insertion in membrane
26
Endomembrane system
Includes the nuclear envelope, the endoplasm in reticulum,golgi apparatus, lysosomes and the plasma membrane.
27
Vesicles
Sac made of membrane | Function: digestion,storage, waste disposal, water balance, cell growth and protection
28
Smooth ENdoplasmic reticulum
Lack of ribosome. | Function to store calcium ions,synthesis lipid , metabolism of carbohydrates and detoxification of drugs
29
Rough Endoplasmic reticulum u
Is studded with ribosome -function aids in synthesis of secretory and other protein from bound ribosome, add carbohydrates to protein to make glycoproteins, produces new membrane.
30
Glycoproteins
Protein with carbohydrates conalrntly bonded
31
Transport vesicles
Vesicles in transit from one part of the cell to another
32
Golgi apparatus
After leaving ER, many transport vesicles travel to Golgi apparatus. It is house for receiving, sorting, shipping and even some manufacturing.
33
Lysosome
Is a membranous sac of hydrologic enzymes that many eukaryotic cell use to digest Macromolecules and damaged organelle
34
Phagocytosis
A process that amoeba and many other unicellular eukaryotes eat by engulfing smaller organism or food particles.
35
Vacuoles
Are large vesicles derived from endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus.
36
Food vacuoles
Formed by phagocytosis have already been mentioned
37
Contractile vacuoles
Pumps excess water out of the cell , thus maintaining a suitable concentration of ions and molecules inside the cell.
38
Central Vacuole
Many plant have large central which develop by the coalescence of smaller vacuoles. The solution inside is called cell sap
39
Describe movement of protein in cell
1) nuclear envelope is to rough ER which continuous with smooth ER 2) Membrane and proteins produced by the ER flow in the form of transport vesicles to the Golgi 3) Golgi pinches of transport vesicles that give rise to lysosomes and other type of vesicles 4) lysosome is available for fusion with another vesicles for digestion 5) transport vesicles carries protein to plasma membrane for secretion 6) plasma membrane expand by fusion of vesicles;protein are secreted for, cell
40
Mitochondria
-are sites of cellular respiration( the metabolic process that uses oxygen to drive the generation of atp by extraction of energy from sugar, fat and other fuel).
41
Chloroplast
Found in plants and algae, are sites of photosynthesis. Chloroplast converts solar energy to chemical energy by absorbing sunlight.
42
Endosymbiosis theory
The theory states that an early ancestor of eukaryotic cell engulfed an oxygen using-using no photosynthetic prokaryotic cell.
43
Cristae
Inner membrane infolding
44
Mitochondrial matrix
Is enclosed by inner membrane.
45
Thylakoids
Flat interconnected sacs called thylakoids
46
Granum
Each stack thylakoids is called granum
47
Stroma
The fluid outside thylakoids is called stroma , which contains the chloroplast DNA and ribosome as well as many enzymes
48
Plastid
Chloroplast is a specialized member of a family of closely related plant organelle called plastids.
49
Peroxisome
Specialized metabolic compartment bounded by a single membrane. It contain enzymes to remove hydrogen atom from various substrate and transfer them to oxygen producing h2o2 as a byproduct.
50
Glyoxysome
Specialized preoxisome that are found in fat-storing tissue of plant seeds.
51
Cytoskeleton
A network of fibres extending throughout the chloroplast. Function in structural support for the cell and in mortality and signal transmission.
52
Microtubules (tubulin polymer)
- hollow tube structured for,Ed from globular protein - 25nm with and 15nm lumen - tumbling dimmer consists of alpha and beta tubulin - function :maintains cell shape, cell mortality, chorizos movement in cell division, organelle movement.
53
Intermediate filaments
- fibrous protein coiled - 8-12 nm - one of several different protein (such as keratin) - function:maintenance of cell shape, anchorage of nucleus and certain other organelles, formation of nuclear lamina.
54
Motor protein
Cell mortality generally requires interaction of the cytoskeleton with motor protein.
55
Centrosome
A region near nucleus
56
Centriole
Centrosome exist in centriole, each composed of nine set of triplets pp microtubules arranged in a ring.
57
Flagella
Specialized arrangements of microtubules responsible for the beating
58
Cilia
Microtubules containing extension that project from some cells.
59
Basal body
Help microtubules assembly of cilia and flagellum is anchored in the cell.it’s structure is similar to centriole
60
Dyneins
Large motor protein involved in bending
61
Microfilament
Built from molecules of actin . They are solid rod | Play a role in mortality
62
Cortex
A three dimensional network formed microfilament which gives the outer cytoplasmic layer of cell called cortix
63
Myosin
Protein allow contraction of muscle cell
64
Pseudopodia
Cell crawled along a surface by extending cellular extension called pseudopodia.
65
cytoplasmic streaming
A circular flow of cytoplasm within cells.
66
Cell wall
Is a extra cellular structure of plant cells that distinguishes them from animal cells. Made of cellulose fibres embedded in other polysaccharide and protein.
67
Primary cell wall
A young plant first secretes a relatively thin and flexible wall called the primary cell wall.
68
Middle lamella
A thin layer in sticky polysaccharide called pectin exist between primary wall and adjacent cell.
69
Secondary cell wall
Exist between plasma membrane and the primary wall.
70
Collagen
The most abundant glycoproteins in extracellular matrix.
71
Proteoglycan
Consist of small core protein with many carbohydrates chain covalent,y attached so that it may be up 95% carbohydrate
72
Fibronectin
Protein that bind to cell surface receptors called intergins
73
Intergin
Receptor at cell surface
74
Plasmodesmata
Channel that connect cell
75
Tight junction
The plasma membrane of neighbouring cells are tightly pressed against each other, bounded by specific protein.
76
Desmosomes
Function like rivets, fastening cells together into strong sheets
77
Gap junctions
Provide cytoplasmic channel from one cell to an adjacent cell in this way are similar to their function to plasmodesmata in plant. Necessary for community between cells.
78
Extracellular matrix
Function in support, adhesion, movement and regulation.

Biology (15 decks)

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