Chapter 22

Question 1

Evolution

Answer 1

Descendants with modifications

Question 2

Aristotle observation

Answer 2

Observed species has fixed non changing

Question 3

Caralus linnaeus

Answer 3

“For greater glory of god “

-adopted a nested classification system grouping similar specie into increasingly general category

Question 4

Fossils

Answer 4

The remains of traces of organism from the past

Question 5

Strata

Answer 5

New layer of sediment cover older ones and compress them into superimposed layer of rock called strata

Question 6

Palaeontology

Answer 6

The study of fossil was developed in large by french scientists

Question 7

Stratum vs dismilarities

Answer 7

Older the stratum the more dissimilar

Question 8

Hutton and Lyell Proposal

Answer 8

Proposed that Earth’s geologic features could be explained by gradual mechanisms that occurred in past such as formation of valleys being formed by rivers

Question 9

Lamarck

Answer 9

his findings using two principles that were widely accepted at the time. The first was use and disuse, the idea that parts of the body that are used extensively become larger and stronger, while those that are not used deteriorate.
-The second principle, inheritance of acquired characteristics, stated that an organism could pass these modifications to its offspring.

Question 10

Darwin

Answer 10

Darwin observed many examples of adaptation, inherited characteristics of organism that enhances their survival and reproduction in specific environments.

Question 11

Natural selection

Answer 11

A process in which individual that have certain inherited trait tend to survive and reproduce at higher rate

Question 12

Darwin and descendant with modifications

Answer 12

Darwin reasoned that over a long period of time descendant with modifications occurred due natural selection which eventually led to the rich diversity of like we see today. In the digram,the tips of the twigs that are labelled A–D represent several groups of organisms living in the present day, while the unlabelled branches represent groups that are extinct. Each fork of the tree rep- resents the most recent common ancestor of all the lines of evolution that subsequently branch from that point

Question 13

Artificial selection

Answer 13

Humans have modified other species over many generations by selecting and breeding individuals that possess desired traits,

Question 14

Darwin 2 interference and observations

Answer 14

Observation 1: Members of a population often vary in their inherited traits
Interference 1: Individuals whose inherited traits give them a higher probability of surviving and reproducing in a given environment tend to leave more offspring than other individuals.
Observation 2: All species can produce more offspring than their environment can support and many of these offspring fail to survive and reproduce.
Interference 2: This unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce will lead to the accumulation of favourable traits in the population over generations.

Question 15

Do individual evolve

Answer 15

Individual DO NOT evolve

Question 16

Natural selection in response to introduce plant species

Answer 16

-plants adapt to fruit that available

Question 17

Drug resistant bacteria

Answer 17

• eg staphylococcus aureus
• bacteria and viruses because resistant strains of these pathogens can proliferate very quickly
• a drug does not create resistant pathogen, it selects for resistant individuals

Question 18

Homology

Answer 18

Similarity resulting from common ancestry

Question 19

Homologous structures

Answer 19

Represent variation on a structural theme that was present in their common ancestor eg arms,forelimbs and wings of different mammal

Question 20

Vastigial structures

Answer 20

Remnant of features that served a function in organism ancestors

Question 21

Evolutionary tree

Answer 21

A digram that reflects evolutionary relationships among group of organism. Shows relative timing of evolutionary event but not dates

Question 22

Convergent evolution

Answer 22

the independent evolution of similar features in different lineages. Maybe due to environment

Question 23

Analogous

Answer 23

Species share features because of conver- gent evolution, the resemblance is said to be analogous

Question 24

Biogeography

Answer 24

The scientific study of the geographical distribution of specie

Question 25

Pangaea

Answer 25

About 250 million years ago, a movements (plate tectonic) united all of Earth’s landmasses into a single large continent called Pangaea. Roughly 200 million years ago it began to separate

Question 26

Endemic

Answer 26

found nowhere else in the world eg species of plant or animal on island

Question 27

Curvier

Answer 27

studied fossils but denied that evolution occurs; he proposed that sudden catastrophic events in the past caused species to disap- pear from an area.