Chapter 17 week2

Question 1

Quantitive variation

Answer 1

length,height,hairnumber

Question 1

What is Phenotypic via-ration

Answer 1

uplose you can identify very close details, such as diameter,biodiversity and occurs in all living things.

Question 2

examples of qualitative variation

Answer 2

round/wrinkled skin in pea pods, albinism and humans’ ABO blood groups

Question 3

what environmental causes play a role in phenotype variation

Answer 3

-soil acidity can affect the expressions of gene controlling flower colour in the common garden plant

Question 4

Name the 4 types of microevolution

Answer 4

1-genetic drift
2-mutation
3-gene flow
4-natural selection

Question 5

evolution

Answer 5

is a change of allele frequencies from one gen to the next

Question 6

Gene pool

Answer 6

can refer to the frequency of the alleles of one locus, within the population

Question 7

describe founder effect

Answer 7

Founder Effect, when a few individuals colonize and start a new population, they only carry a small sample of the parent population.

Question 8

describe the bottleneck effect

Answer 8

-Factors such as disease, saturation and hunting may kill a large portion of the individuals in a population. Which results in a bottleneck effect because the genetic diviserity reduces.

Question 9

what is stabilizing selection

Answer 9

• when individuals expressing phenotypes have the highest relative fitness, thus eliminating phenotypic extremes

Question 10

DNA-Translation Route

Answer 10

DNA-replication-preRNA-RNA processing-mRNA-translation

Question 11

What are deleterious alleles

Answer 11

alleles that decrease fitness of an organism that carries it.

Question 12

Directional selection

Answer 12

shifts the mean phenotype towards the end of the distribution, favoured by natural selection. This causes one allele frequency to be increasing over time.

Question 13

Disruptive selection

Answer 13

May increase the frequencies of extreme phenotypes.

Question 14

Why doesn’t inbreeding cause evolution to occur?

Answer 14

inbreeding does not cause evolution because the allele frequencies do not change over time.

Question 15

balancing selection

Answer 15

refers to a number of selective processes by which multiple alleles (different versions of a gene) are actively maintained in the gene pool of a population at frequencies larger than expected from genetic drift alone.

Question 16

Hardy-W equation

Answer 16

p^2+2pq+q^2=1 and p+q=1

Question 17

All models that have assumptions of the Hardy-W

Answer 17

-random mating
-large population size
-no immigration/migration/mutation
-no selection

Question 18

clines

Answer 18

gradation in one or more characteristics within a species or other taxon, especially between different populations.

Question 19

Gene Flow

Answer 19

is the transfer of genetic material from one population to another, through migration, mutation and immigration

Question 20

Assortative mating

Answer 20

-similar phenotypes mate with each other

Question 21

Disassortative mating

Answer 21

-different phenotypes mate with eachother

Question 22

postive/negative selection

Answer 22

To make communication easier, however, scientists talk about positive selection when the focus of a particular study is on an increase in rare variants that improve optimal fitness, and they speak of negative selection when the focus is on the removal of harmful variants.

Question 23

Key difference between intra- and inter-sexual selection,

Answer 23

Intra-competition for mates
inter-females particular choose a mate to breed with

Question 24

Explain the importance of mutation, and (more generally) genetic variation to the process of evolutionary change

Answer 24

genetic viration is caused by mutation, and is hence a prequite to evolutionary change

Question 25

recombination

Answer 25

a process by which pieces of DNA are broken and recombined to produce new combinations of alleles.

Question 26

p=dominant, while

Answer 26

q=recessive

Question 27

Silent mutation

Answer 27

-results in change of base pair but no change of amino acid polypeptide

Question 28

Frameshift mutation

Answer 28

-insertion of base pair which alters the amino acid polypeptide

Question 29

missense mutations

Answer 29

are single mismatched pairs is the base pair and this will alter the amino acid

Question 30

nonsense mutations

Answer 30

, are mutations that result in a stop because a stop codon takes place and this results in a premature termination of polypeptide

Question 31

RNA is single stranded, why is this a reason RNA has more mutations occuring compared to DNA why is that?

Answer 31

DNA is double-helix meaning that if one if one strand has a mutation it can be masked and one of the reasons why mutations occur more in DNA than in RNA.

Question 32

a larger genome

Answer 32

= more mutations

Question 33

epistatic properties

Answer 33

account for that one gene is that another gene affects another gene

Question 34

why is there no selection allowed in the Hardy-W equibrium theory

Answer 34

-No selection in H-W theory bc, selection allows for fitter and species can act different

Question 35

-no immigration or emigration is necessary in the H-W, why is this.

Answer 35

Beacause u don’t want new alleles and alleles are gone because we can’t calculate allele frequencies and can significantly change genotype and phyentotpye frequencies

Question 36

Why is predictability important in the H-W theory

Answer 36

Predictablity is important so we compare populations to see if they matched with the expected populations

Question 37

How is the biological species concept useful

Answer 37

Is useful when distinguishing species that follow in many different characteristics such as behaviour and egolocial conditions