week 3

Question 1

sympatric speciation

Answer 1

speciation that occurs without any geographical barrier and can happen without any environmental gradient.

Question 2

-Allopathic speciation

Answer 2

physical barriers where gene flows get prevented and can happen very rapidly

Question 3

Parapatric speciation

Answer 3

speciation that happens without geographical barriers, within environmental gradient such as cold and warm water

Question 4

phenotypic similarity that evolved independently in different lineages is called

Answer 4

Homology

Question 5

natural selection can occur without heritability but evolution by natural selection can not

INFO Question

Answer 5

….

Question 6

What is one reason species change over time

Answer 6

-acquired inheritance

Question 7

adaptive evolution

Answer 7

-relates to characteristics that change over time, as advantageous traits become way more common.

Question 8

Over time we change in frequency of alleles but do alleles in gene pool get removed?

Answer 8

No alleles never get removed in a gene pool, some just reach fixation through selective forcees or genetic drift

Question 9

is adaptive evolution aquired with a population or an individual

Answer 9

only a population can be conjured with adaptive evolution at both genotype and phenotype frequencies.

Question 10

-biological species concept

Answer 10

• relates to the idea of reproduction of a species, u can’t define it if its extinct

Question 11

-ecological species concept

Answer 11

relates to the idea of selection and around the concept of differences between species

Question 12

phylogenetic species concept

Answer 12

species are defined by having common ancestor based on genotype.

Question 13

what is one pro of the phylogenetic species concept

Answer 13

• that singly different geographical forms might interbreed

Question 14

-practical species concept-

Answer 14

species delineations based on subjective judgement, sum of a species concepts.

Question 15

-differential fitness species concept-

Answer 15

differences that may be due to differential adaptation, genetic drift or other non adaptive processes

Question 16

an example of -morphological species concept

Answer 16

two populations of mammals w different physical characteristics but different reproductive structure.

Question 17

ring species

Answer 17

a situation in which two populations which do not interbreed are living in the same region and connected by a geographic ring of populations that can interbreed.

Question 18

environmental alteration

Answer 18

isolation of groups of species, isolation occurs when organisms of the same species are isolated by something that prevents them from crossing

Question 19

What are subspecies?

Answer 19

local variants of a species

Question 20

clinical viaration

Answer 20

when a species is distributed over a large, environmentally diverse area.

Question 21

What is a con of the morphological species concept

Answer 21

-organisms are classified by the same species if they appear identical by morphological criteria

Question 22

prezygotic isolation

Answer 22

mechanisms that prevent production of hybrid offspring

Question 23

ecological isolation

Answer 23

-if species live in different habitats, which cause them not to breed.

Question 24

Temporal isolation

Answer 24

species that live in the same habitat but don’t mate cause they only mate in certain times of the year

Question 25

Behavioural isolation

Answer 25

-when behaviour of a species results in it not being recognized by its potential mate or another species

Question 26

mechanical isolation

Answer 26

incomparability between the sperm of one species and the egg of another, this may prevent fertilization

Question 27

gametic isolation

Answer 27

is the incomparability between the sperm of one species and the eggs of another that may prevent fertilzaiton

Question 28

post-zygotic isolating mechanisms

Answer 28

Are mechanisms that reduce the success of hybrid individuals (lowers the fitness of those individuals)

Question 29

sympatric speciation

Answer 29

no geographical speciation

Question 30

allopatric speciation

Answer 30

physical barrier sub divides a large population

Question 31

species cluster

Answer 31

-group of related species recently descended from a common ancestor

Question 32

secondary contact

Answer 32

-refers to contact after the geograhical isolation--> which can lead to separate species

Question 33

species fusion

Answer 33

-if gene pools did not differentiate much during geographical seperation, the populations will interbred and merge into one another which is known as species fusion.

Question 34

genetic divergence

Answer 34

necessary for speciation to occur when no geographical change is present

Question 35

allopolyploidy

Answer 35

In Allopolyploid organisms have more than two sets of chromosomes that are from different species, such as the wheat plant,

Question 37

autopolyploidly

Answer 37

In Autopolyploid organisms have more than two sets of chromosomes that are from the same species, such as the piggyback plant.