chapter 19: special needs and medically compromised patient

Question 1

The dental assistant’s role in caring for the special care patient can be divided into the following three major areas:

Answer 1

-Aiding the dentist in providing treatment.
-Serving as a source of information for the patient and the family.
- Making the patient more comfortable and reducing anxiety.

Question 2

is the fastest growing segment of the U.S. population.

Answer 2

aging population

Question 3

older adults can be divided into three categories:

Answer 3

• Functionally independent older adults
• Frail older adults
• Dependent older adults

Question 4

The condition of a patient’s mouth can affect self-esteem, esthetics, nutrition, social interaction, and personal comfort

t or f

Answer 4

true

Question 5

Along with the medical history, it is essential that a _____ _____ be completed for each patient

Answer 5

medication profile

Question 6

The most commonly reported oral health–related conditions that affect the aging population are : .

Answer 6

-xerostemia
-periodontal disease
-bone resorption
-brittle teeth
-tooth decay

Question 7

More than __% of older people may be affected by periodontal disease, and most are unaware of it.

Answer 7

50

Question 8

Studies have shown that older patients have a higher risk for root caries and recurrent decay around___ or ___ restorations.

Answer 8

old
worn

Question 9

a result of deposits of secondary dentin that have gradually reduced the size of the pulp chamber. These teeth can then become more susceptible to fracture

Answer 9

dark and brittle teeth

Question 10

Healthy patients who require no special modifications

Answer 10

category I patients

Question 11

Patients with medical conditions who require scheduling changes or shorter appointments

Answer 11

category II patients

Question 12

Patients with medical conditions who have lifelong implications; these patients require modifications in dental treatment planning, including alterations in anesthetic, types of dental materials, and patient positioning

Answer 12

category III patients

Question 13

Patients with medical conditions who require more significant modifications in dental treatment planning, including treatment to meet dental needs within the operating room

Answer 13

category 4 patients

Question 14

Patients with serious medical conditions who require only limited care to eliminate serious acute oral disease; includes patients who must be kept free of pain and discomfort

Answer 14

category 5 patients

Question 15

are the result of an impairment that occurred during a person’s developmental phase (prenatal through age 18)

Answer 15

developmental disorders

Question 16

Disorders causing a developmental disability can be chromosomal abnormalities such as :

Answer 16

-intellectual disability
-down syndrome
-autism
-cerebral palsy
-fetal alchohol syndrome
-posnatal infection
-birth anoxia

Question 17

Many patients with developmental disorders are routinely seen in a _______ _____ office

Answer 17

pediatiric dental office

Question 18

is the impairment in intellectual and adaptive functioning.

Answer 18

intellectual disability

Question 19

also termed trisomy 21, is one of the most well-known developmental disorders. It is associated with an extra chromosome of the twenty-first group. These individuals have 47 chromosomes rather than the standard complement of 46.

Answer 19

down syndrome

Question 20

affects how information is processed in the brain by altering how nerve cells and their synapses connect and organize

Answer 20

autism

Question 21

Individuals with autism disorders demonstrate difficulties in three main areas

Answer 21

-social interaction
-communication, -repetitive behaviors or restricted interests.

Question 22

vary from total blindness to limitations in color perception, distance perception, recognition of shapes, and size of visual field

Answer 22

vision impairment

Question 23

disorder that involves the nervous system, which begins in the brain.

Answer 23

neurologic disorders

Question 24

Form of progressive dementia that includes memory loss and loss of cognitive abilities that occurs in middle to older age

Answer 24

alzheimers

Question 25

Mental disorder characterized by loss of memory, concentration, and judgment

Answer 25

dementia

Question 26

Sudden attack, spasm, or convulsion that occurs in specific disorders.

Answer 26

seizures

Question 27

Patients who have a seizure disorder may be receiving antiepileptic medication such as phenytoin (_______)

Answer 27

dilantin

Question 28

dilantin may cause side effects such as :

Answer 28

-increased bleeding -drowsiness -lack of coordination -gingival overgrowth -xerostemia

Question 29

is a neurologic disorder characterized by clusters of nerve cells, or neurons, in the brain that signal abnormally and cause recurrent episodes of seizures.

Answer 29

epilepsy

Question 30

There are four main categories of seizures, as follows:

Answer 30

-generalized seizures -partial seizures -nonepileptic seizures -status epipelticus

Question 31

having been referred to as grand mal seizures, affect the entire brain.

Answer 31

generalized seizures

Question 32

having been referred to as petit mal seizures, affect a part of the brain. A person experiencing this type of seizure will often stay awake and aware throughout the seizure

Answer 32

partial seizures

Question 33

are not related to epilepsy but are caused by other things, such as diabetes, a high fever, or some other cause.

Answer 33

non-epileptic seizures

Question 34

is a continuing seizure and one of the few reasons emergency personnel should be contacted.

Answer 34

status epilepticus

Question 35

is one of the most common neurologic disorders affecting adults between the ages of 30 and 50

Answer 35

multiple screlosis

Question 36

cerebrovascular accident (CVA) is also known as

Answer 36

stroke

Question 37

A patient who has had a cerebrovascular accident (CVA), or stroke, has experienced minor to severe loss of ____ ____ _____ function

Answer 37

central nervous system (CNS)

Question 38

affect the nerves that control your voluntary muscles.

Answer 38

neuromuscular disorder

Question 39

is a disease characterized by progressive atrophy and weakness of the skeletal muscles with increasing disability and deformity.

Answer 39

muscular dystrophy

Question 40

is a motor system disorder that is the result of loss of dopamine-producing brain cells

Answer 40

parkinsons disease

Question 41

is a group of nonprogressive neuromuscular disorders caused by brain damage (usually resulting from anoxia) sustained during the prenatal or perinatal period or during infancy.

Answer 41

cerebral palsy

Question 42

is a degenerative nervous system disease that causes loss of motor neurons in the cerebral cortex, brain stem, and spinal cord, resulting in muscular atrophy, weakness, and spasticity.

Answer 42

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) aka lou gehrigs diseases

Question 43

two most common types of arthritis

Answer 43

rheumatoid arthritis osteoarthritis

Question 44

a chronic disease that causes pain, stiffness, swelling, and loss of function in the joints.

Answer 44

rheumatoid arthritis

Question 45

stiffening of the joints that causes the joints to become inflamed and painful (seen in older patients)

Answer 45

osteoarthritis

Question 46

the leading cause of death among men over age 40 and among women over age 65

Answer 46

heart disease

Question 47

Heart disease can manifest in many ways, such as :

Answer 47

-hypertension -stable or unstable angina, -congestive heart failure -myocardial infarction.

Question 48

is a condition in which the heart cannot pump enough blood to the body's other organs. People with this disease cannot exert themselves because they become short of breath and tired

Answer 48

congestive heart failure

Question 49

is a coronary disease in which a decrease in blood supply to the heart muscle causes a sharp pain in the chest

Answer 49

angina

Question 50

Angina can be “stable,” in which case the pain is usually predictable, or “unstable,” in which case the pain is unpredictable. t or f

Answer 50

true

Question 51

Inflammation of the endocardium

Answer 51

endocarditis

Question 52

affect the lungs and are characterized by airway obstruction.

Answer 52

pulmonary disorder

Question 53

is a condition in which the body reacts to an antigen.

Answer 53

allergies

Question 54

is a chronic lung disease that inflames and narrows the airways.

Answer 54

asthma

Question 55

often arises from allergies and is characterized by an increased hypersensitivity to various stimuli, resulting in bronchial edema and widespread narrowing of the bronchial airways.

Answer 55

broncial asthma

Question 56

characterized by blocked airflow during respiration.

Answer 56

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Question 57

____ _____ and _____ are the two most common diseases classified as COPD.

Answer 57

Chronic bronchitis emphysema

Question 58

is a disorder that results in irreversible narrowing of the bronchial airways caused by chronic inflammation, increased production of mucus, edema of the bronchial mucosa, and reduced ciliary activity

Answer 58

Chronic bronchitis

Question 59

irreversible enlargement of the size of the air spaces that results in labored breathing and an increased susceptibility to infection. This interferes with expiration, and the lungs become overinflated because of the trapping of air.

Answer 59

emphysema

Question 60

is a condition that develops when your blood lacks enough healthy red blood cells or hemoglobin

Answer 60

anemia

Question 61

The endocrine system is composed of glands located in many different regions of the body, all of which release _____ into the bloodstream.

Answer 61

hormones

Question 62

A patient with an overactive thyroid gland may be diagnosed with Graves’ disease, the most common form of ________

Answer 62

hyperthyroidism.

Question 63

When the thyroid gland is underactive and produces fewer hormones than usual, the patient is diagnosed with

Answer 63

hyoithyroidism

Question 64

is a disorder of the metabolism, the way the body uses digested food for energy. With the help of a hormone called insulin, cells throughout the body absorb glucose and use it for energy.

Answer 64

diabetes mellitus

Question 65

blood coagulation disorder in which the blood fails to clot normally

Answer 65

hemophelia