Chapter 19.1

Question 1

What are the parts of interphase

Answer 1

G1 Phase, S phase, G2 Phase

Question 2

what happens in G1 Phase

Answer 2

cell expansion

Question 3

what happens in S phase

Answer 3

DNA synthesis

Question 4

what happens in G2 phase

Answer 4

Structures for mitosis are created

Question 5

What are the parts of M Phase

Answer 5

mitosis and cytokinesis

Question 6

cytokinesis

Answer 6

division of cell

Question 7

mitosis

Answer 7

division of nucleus

Question 8

what must happen before you can make a new cell (regarding DNA)

Answer 8

must copy the DNA

Question 9

what are the basic steps of DNA replication

Answer 9

H bonds are broken and each strand acts as a template to create a new complimentary strand

Question 10

semi-conservation replication

Answer 10

each new DNA helix is now half old and half new DNA

Question 11

Theta replication

Answer 11

one method of replication of circular DNA

Question 12

steps of theta replication

Answer 12

begins at single origin, creates two replication forks and proceeds bi-directionally around the circle

Question 13

replicons

Answer 13

multiple replication units

seen in eukaryotic DNA

Question 14

Origin Recognition Complex (ORC)

Answer 14

binds to a replication origin

Question 15

minichromosome maintenance complex (MCM Complex)

Answer 15

contains enzymes (DNA helicases) that can unzip DNA

Question 16

what does it mean for DNA to be licensed

Answer 16

it is ready to be duplicated

Question 17

what are the triophosphate deoxynucleoside derivatives

Answer 17

dATP, dTTP, dGTP, dCTP

the cleavage of the two terminal phosphates provides energy for polymerization

Question 18

leading strand

Answer 18

continuous and in the 3’-5’ direction so DNA can be synthesized 5’-3’

Question 19

lagging strand

Answer 19

5’-3’ so DNA has to be synthesized in okazaki fragments

Question 20

Proteins involved in unwinding DNA

Answer 20

DNA helicases, topoisomerases, and SSB’s

Question 21

DNA helicases

Answer 21

breaks the H bonds to unwind the DNA

Question 22

topoisomerase

Answer 22

prevents DNA from supercoiling as it’s being unwound

Question 23

Single-Strand DNA Binding Proteins (SSB)

Answer 23

binds to single-stranded DNA at replication fork and keeps DNA unwound

Question 24

DNA replication enzymes in prokaryotes

Answer 24

DNA Polymerase I, II, III

Question 25

exonuclease activity

Answer 25

proofreads

Question 26

replisome

Answer 26

replicating enzyme complex that carries out DNA synthesis at replication fork

Question 27

DNA polymerase III

Answer 27

reads 3'-5' template to synthesize the new strand 5'-3' | continuous

Question 28

primosome

Answer 28

primase and 6 proteins that unwind DNA, recognize the base sequence, and initiate replication. later the RNA is removed and replaced with DNA

Question 29

what is the role of RNA primer, primase

Answer 29

to act as a starting point for synthesis of the new DNA

Question 30

DNA Ligase

Answer 30

attaches to any breaks and joins okazaki fragments

Question 31

DNA polymerase I

Answer 31

jumps in and changes RNA primer to DNA

Question 32

basics of lagging strand synthesis

Answer 32

primase comes in and synthesizes a starting point for the DNA polymerase III. It will synthesize 5'-3' and create an okazaki fragment. then DNA poly I comes and replaces the primer with DNA and finally DNA ligase attaches and joins the any breaks and fragments

Question 33

which end are nucleotides degraded from

Answer 33

3'

Question 34

mutation

Answer 34

any change in DNA sequence

Question 35

DNA mismatch repair

Answer 35

the helix is distorted if bases don't match up right which can be recognized and fixed

Question 36

spontaneous mutations include:

Answer 36

depurination and deamination

Question 37

depurination

Answer 37

loss of A or G

Question 38

deamination

Answer 38

change of C to U

Question 39

types of induced DNA damage

Answer 39

Radiation or chemicals

Question 40

Thymine dimers

Answer 40

2 T's covalently bond so they won't H bond

Question 41

intercalate

Answer 41

insertion of chemicals into DNA strands

Question 42

basic steps for repair

Answer 42

endonuclease excises damaged DNA DNA polymerase fills in the gap Nick sealed by DNA ligase