Chapter 2 Flashcards
(118 cards)
1
Q
What does the Central Nervous System consist of?
A
brain + spinal cord
2
Q
What is the spinal cord and its function?
A
- column of nerve fibres
- highway for neurons
- takes sensory and motor information between CNS and PNS
3
Q
Is sensory afferent or efferent?
A
afferent
4
Q
Is motor afferent or efferent?
A
efferent
5
Q
What does afferent mean?
A
towards
6
Q
What does efferent mean?
A
away
7
Q
What does the PNS consist of?
A
MOG - muscles, organs and glands
8
Q
What is the peripheral nervous system?
A
everything outside of the CNS
9
Q
What is the function of the PNS?
A
- collect send sensory information to the CNS
- receive motor information from CNS and distribute it
10
Q
What are the 2 sub types of the PNS?
A
Somatic and Autonomic
11
Q
What does the somatic nervous system include?
A
muscles
12
Q
What is the somatic nervous systems function?
A
voluntary movement
13
Q
What does the autonomic nervous system do?
A
involuntary movement
14
Q
What does the autonomic nervous system include?
A
organs and glands
15
Q
What are the 3 sub groups of the autonomic nervous system?
A
sympathetic, parasympathetic and enteric
16
Q
What does the sympathetic nervous system do?
A
prepares body for action (Fight, Flight or Freeze)
17
Q
What does the parasympathetic nervous system do?
A
returns the body to homostatis, calms body down
18
Q
What are the 3 types of neurons?
A
sensory, motor and interneurons
19
Q
What is the sensory neurons function?
A
sends sensory information towards brain (afferent)
20
Q
What is the motor neurons function?
A
sends motor info FROM brain to body (efferent)
21
Q
What are the interneurons function?
A
sends information between sensory and motor neurons
22
Q
What are the most common neuron?
A
interneuron
23
Q
Where can interneurons be found?
A
Central nervous system only
24
Q
What is spinal reflex?
A
an automatic unconscious response activated by pain or threats
25
How does spinal reflex occur?
interneuron interprets a sensory neurons message and deems it as dangerous, thus sending a motor neuron down prematurely in order to get out of danger faster
26
What do the dendrites do?
receives incoming messages from presynaptic neuron
27
What does the axon do?
pathway in which neural messages travel
28
What do the myelin sheaths do?
tissue that encases axon and speeds up message transmission speed
29
What does the axon terminals do?
exit pathway for neural messages
30
What do the terminal buttons do?
releases neurotransmitter to postsynaptic neuron for communication
31
What is neuraltransmission?
process in which neurons communicate
32
What is the presynaptic neuron?
neuron that sends the impulse
33
What is the postsynaptic neuron?
neuron that receives the impulse
34
What are the ions doing when a neuron is in its resting state?
negative inside and positive outside
35
What happens to the ions when a neuron is activated?
As the impulse travels across the neuron the ions switch charges
36
What are the two effects a neural transmitter can release?
excitatory and inhibitory
37
What does an inhibitory effect do?
decreases likelihood of neurons firing
38
What does an excitatory effect do?
increases likelihood of neurons firing
39
What does a neuromodulator do?
increases a neurotransmitters inhibitory or excitatory effects
40
What is neuroplasicity?
the brains ability to change as a result of experience
41
What are the four types of neuroplasicity?
developmental and adaptive or function and structure
42
What is developmental plasicity?
natural change with growth
43
What is adaptive plasicity?
plasticity as a result of brain damage/trauma
44
What is synaptic plasticity?
neuroplasicity at a cellular level
45
What is long-term potentiation?
increase of synaptic strength through high frequency stimulation
46
What is long-term depression?
reduction of efficiency due to low frequency stimulation
47
What is sprouting?
neural connection creation
48
What is rerouting?
re-establishing of neural connections and the creation of alternate neural routes
49
What is pruning?
removing of old neural connections
50
What is functional plasticity?
when a neuron changes in reactivity depending on its use
51
What is structural plasicity?
when neurons physically create neural connections
52
Is GABA inhibitory or excitatory?
inhibitory
53
Is Glutamate inhibitory or excxitatory?
excitatory
54
What does GABA do?
calms body
55
What does glutamate do?
learning and memory formation
56
What are two neuromodulators?
dopamine and serotonin
57
What does dopamine do?
increases pleasure
58
What does serotonin do?
regulates mood
59
What is stress?
a psychological and physiological state of tension in response to a stimulus
60
What are the 4 types of stress?
distress and eustress or acute and chronic stress
61
What is distress?
form of stress categorised by a negative psychological state
62
What is eustress?
form of stress categorised by a positive psychological state
63
What is acute stress?
stress in relation to a specific event
64
What is chronic stress?
consistent sense of stress over a long period of time
65
Whats the relationship between arousal and performance?
low arousal = bad performance
medium arousal = good performance
high arousal = bad performance
66
What is a stressor?
stimulus that prompts a stress response
67
What are the two types of stressors?
internal and external
68
What is an internal stressor?
stressor from within that persons body
69
What is an external stressor?
stressor from outside that persons body
70
What is stress response?
result of stress, can be physiological or psychological and behavioural, cognitive or emotional
71
What is fight, flight, freeze?
involuntary automatic stress danger response
72
What type of stress is FFF most likely to occur in?
actue stress
73
What are the two stress hormones?
adrenaline and cortisol
74
What is adrenaline more prominent in?
acute stress
75
What is cortisol good at?
maintaining heightened arousal
76
What is arousal?
a state in which you feel heightened and alert
77
What is psychosomatic illness?
when psychological symptoms result in physiological symptoms (illness)
78
Which diagram is the GAS?
graph
79
Which diagram is transactional model of stress and coping?
flow chart
80
What are the 3 stages of the gas model?
alarm, resistance and exhaustion
81
What does the GAS model measure?
resistance to stress
82
What are the 2 sub stages of the alarm phase?
shock and counter shock
83
When is adrenaline administered in the GAS model?
counter shock phase
84
When is cortisol administered in the GAS model?
resistance stage and onwards
85
When is the FFF administered in the GAS model?
alarm (counter shock)
86
What stage are unserious illnesses common?
resistance
87
What stage are serious illness commonly know to occur?
exhaustion
88
What are the strengths of the GAS model?
shows evidence between stress and illness
highlights predictable pattern
can be measured
89
What are the limitations of the GAS model?
research was not conducted on humans
doesn't account for psychological factors
90
Is the GAS model psychological or physiological?
physiological
91
Is the transactional model of stress and coping psychological or physiological?
psychological
92
What is the transactional model of stress and coping?
theory that states that stress involves an encounter between an individual and their external environment
93
What are the 3 outcomes of primary appraisal?
benign positive, stressful and irrelvant
94
What is the primary appraisal stage include?
individuals assessment of the situation
95
What is the secondary appraisal stage include?
individuals assessment of the available resources to deal with demands
96
What are the 3 outcomes from a stressful primary apprasial?
harm/loss, threat and challenge
97
What are the 2 outcomes of secondary appraisal?
coping resources are adequate and coping resources aren't adequate
98
What are the strengths of the transactional model?
accounts for individual differences
reappraisal stage explains why individual difference occurs
99
What are the limitations of the transactional model?
lack of evidence, as data is not easily measured
primary and secondary model usually occur at same time (model doesn't account for overlap)
100
What is coping flexibility?
ability to stop ineffective coping strategies to use an alternate one
101
What does high coping flexibility entail?
can readily adapt
102
What does low coping flexibility entail?
cannot readily adapt and continues using ineffective coping strategies
103
What is context specific effectiveness?
when there is a match between the coping strategy that is used and the stressful situation
104
What is an approach reaction?
confronts stressors and deals with it directly
105
What is an avoidance reaction?
evades stressors and doesn't directly deal
106
What are the two coping reactions?
approach and avoidance
107
What does the enteric nervous system include?
gut, gastrointestinal tract and all other components of digestive system
108
What is microbiota?
living organisms that live in our gastrointestinal tract
109
What does microbiota do?
maintain gut health and functioing
110
What is a mircobiome?
an area for micro living things
111
How does the gut and brain relate?
bad gut health = higher stress, anxiety and cognitive decline
112
What is the gut-brain axis?
the bi-directional relationship between the gut and brain
113
What is the vagus nerve?
nerve that relays messages between gut and brain axis
114
What percent of the vagus nerve is efferent and afferent?
10-20% afferent 80-90% efferent
115
What makes the gut stand out from other organs?
only organ to function independent of the brain
116
What is the relationship between the gut and autism?
9/10 people with autism have gut imbalances
117
What is self efficacy?
the belief in our own ability and that our actions can influence outcomes
118
What is resilience?
our ability to bounce back following adversity
