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Psychology 12 > Exam Revision > Flashcards

Exam Revision Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

What do correlation studies not include?

A

IVs, DVs and controls

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2
Q

What are correlation studies?

A

design where a researcher looks at the relationship between two variables

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3
Q

What is external validity?

A

whether the study findings can be generalized to other contexts.

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4
Q

What is internal validity?

A

whether the study design answers the research questions without bias.

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5
Q

What are confounding variables?

A

a variable other than the IV that has had an effect on the DV which cannot be separated from that of the IV

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6
Q

Examples of confounding variables?

A

Coffee and lung cancer.
Coffee drinkers may smoke more cigarettes than non-coffee drinkers thus cigarettes are the confounding variables

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7
Q

What are extraneous variables?

A

a variable other than the IV that may cause a change in the DV

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8
Q

Examples of extraneous variables?

A

biological sex, prior experience, motivation, instructions, test conditions

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9
Q

What is repeatability?

A

the degree to which an investigation obtains similar results when conducted again under the same conditions.

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10
Q

What is reproducibility?

A

how close the results are
when an investigation is replicated
under changed conditions.

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11
Q

Do all Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander frameworks emphasise Country and history

A

not all emphasise history

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12
Q

What are the two main areas needed to construct imagined futures and what are their roles?

A

hippocampus - encodes explicit non-emotional memories used to construct imagined futures
neocortex - stores explicit memories used to construct imagined futures

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13
Q

What are imagined futures? What are 4 types?

A

projecting self forward to pre-experience a possible event in future
abstract and specific & personal and non-personal

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14
Q

What is autobiographical memory?

A

memory system consisting of episodes of an individuals life (combination of semantic and episodic memories)

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15
Q

What are the 4 memory types?

A

episodic - personal experiences
semantic - facts
classically conditioned - memories of classical conditioning
procedural - how to perform motor movements

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16
Q

What is anterograde and retrograde amnesia?

A

anterograde - loss of memory after trauma
retrograde - loss of memory previous to trauma

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17
Q

What causes does anterograde and retrograde amnesia?

A

anterograde - damage to hippocampus and neurodegenerative disorders
retrograde - neurodegeneration in STM area

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18
Q

What memory loss is experienced first in Alzheimers?

A

anterograde then retrograde

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19
Q

What causes alzhiemers?

A
  • amyloid plaque outside neurons inhibiting communication and causes neural pathways to die
  • neurofibulary tangles of tau (a protein) that inhibits transport of essential nutrients to neuron resulting in the neuron dying
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20
Q

Symptoms of Alzheimers?

A
  • gradual severe memory loss
  • confusion
  • impaired attention
  • disordered thinking
  • declined thinking
  • decline in social skills
  • personality changes
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21
Q

What causes memory loss in Alzheimer’s?

A
  • lack of neurotransmitter acetylcholine - needed for memory formation (encoding and consolidation of LTM)
  • brain atrophy (brain shrinkage)
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22
Q

What is the process of neurotransmission for a neurotransmitter?

A
  • neurotransmitter travels across multiple synaptic gaps from pre synaptic neurons axon terminals to receptor sites on dendrites of post synaptic neurons
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23
Q

What is the process of neurotransmission for neuromodulators?

A
  • released from axon terminals of pre-synaptic neurons and travel across multiple synapses and bind to receptor sites on dendrites of post synaptic neurons
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24
Q

What gives low levels of reproducibility

A

subjective results

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25
What are positive and negatives correlations?
positive - both variables move in same direction negative - variables move in different directions
26
Strengths and weaknesses or random allocation?
strengths - no bias, evenly distributed, controls participant differences weaknesses - complete list may not be available and minority sub group may not be present
27
Strengths and weaknesses of using a simulation?
strengths - dangerous concepts can be tested violating ethics weaknesses - participants may view as fake, time consuming and expensive
28
How does an individual use systematic desensitisation?
- relaxation technique (breathing retraining) - create a fear hierarchy - work through fear hierarchy step by step (systematically) - top the hierarchy (continue until full exposure without fear response)
29
What is mindfulness meditation?
type of meditation in which a person focuses attention on their breathing whilst thoughts, feelings, and sensations are experienced freely as they arise in the present. Paying attention to current surroundings, being in the present.
30
What are songlines?
a navigational route of a sequence of locations used by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples which may also serve as a mnemonic device
31
Outline how you would learn and retrieve information in reference to the multistore model of memory
- Read information and the raw iconic sensory information will enter your sensory memory - Then pay attention to the information and it will be encoded into the STM - Continue to read and rehearse the memory and it will be stored in the LTM - Retrieve the information from the LTM to the STM to remember it again
32
What is negative reinforcement?
Negative reinforcement is the removal of a negative stimulus in order to reward desired behaviour and increase likelihood of it repeating
33
What the 2 are cultural determinants for wellbeing?
Cultural continuity and self determination
34
How would consent be given to a patient with Alzheimers?
a guardian or carer would sign on their behalf
35
What is sleep hygiene?
practices improve and maintain good sleep and full daytime alertness
36
An individual heard a loud sound when doing an exam explain how information was processed with reference to the multi-store model of memory?
The information entered sensory memory as raw echoic information and would have lasted 2-4 seconds. If paid attention to is encoded to STM. If rehearsed gets transferred to LTM otherwise is forgotten after 30 seconds.
37
Is CBT or CBS used when facing mental health issues?
CBS as mental health is not a phobia and CBT is only used in phobias
38
Why is sleep defined as psychological construct?
complex internal experience cannot be directly observed and has difficulty being measured both subjective and objective measures need to be used
39
What age group has the most awakenings?
younger people
40
Is feeling drowsy an affective symptom?
no
41
Are injuries an example of an internal or external stressor?
internal
42
What is stratified sampling?
sampling from different subgroups in the same proportions as they occur in the population
43
What is Aphantasia?
a condition in which the individual cannot visualise mental imagery
44
Affective symptoms of sleep deprivation include?
mood swings, depression, irritability, heightened anxiety, lack of motivation
45
Behaviour symptoms of sleep deprivation include?
slower reaction time, clumsiness, risk-taking behaviour
46
Cognitive symptoms of sleep deprivation include?
lack of concentration, impaired decision making, illogical/irrational thoughts, trouble with repetitive/simple tasks, reduced creativity
47
Physiological symptoms of sleep deprivation include?
fatigue, trembling hand, drooping eyelids, inability to focus eye, slurred speech, lack of energy, increased pain sensitivity, headaches
48
What are the effects of higher and lower temp on sleep?
higher - decreased deep sleep lower - increased deep sleep
49
What are melatonin release and deep sleep quantity like in elderly people?
both are lower
50
What stage does FFF occur in?
counter shock
51
What are individuals with superior autobiographical memories able to do better?
visualise clearer mental imagery
52
How can sleep Hygiene strategies be used to deal with Circadian Rhythm Disorders?
manipulate zeitgebers and environmental cues to improve sleep-wake cycle and decrease effects of sleep deprivation
53
What is neuroplasicity?
brains ability to adapt and change based on experience
54
What is process of using method of loci?
choosing a location creating a sequence association with location mentally place yourself and practise remembering
55
What are the differences between songlines and method of loci?
Method of Loci: physical or imagined path Songlines: tied to real landscapes. Method of Loci: no specific spiritual or cultural meaning. Songlines: Deeply embedded in cultural identity, spirituality and culture Method of Loci: Can be learned and used by anyone Songlines: Passed down through generations, often requiring initiation Method of Loci: Can be adapted to store any type of information Songlines: they are deeply tied to the landscape and specific cultural narratives. Method of Loci: Primarily visual, using mental imagery to recall information. Songlines: Primarily auditory, involving songs, chants, and oral recitations.
56
What are the ways of knowing?
the knowledge systems, worldviews, and practices of Australia's Indigenous peoples.
57
What is one similarity and difference between the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander ways of knowing and Western ways?
similarity - both ways focus on teaching the younger generation difference - Western ways focus on written text, whether ways of knowing focus on oral methods
58
Why are the ways of knowing considered multimodal and oral?
multimodal - uses range of ways to encode and learn information oral - uses storytelling and oral communication to pass down knowledge and teach
59
What are cultural determinants?
cultural values, beliefs, practises and traditions that shape the ways Indigenous people behave
60
What is an approach strategy?
strategy that directly approaches stress
61
What is coping flexibiility?
changing the coping strategy to better meet demands of the stressor
62
How much sleep do neonates, children, adolescents, young adults and elderly people need?
neonates - 12-16 children - 10-12 adolescentes - 8-10 young adults and elderly - 7+
63
What is melatonin?
a hormone released from the pineal gland that induces sleep
64
What are the adaptive functions of cortisol?
controls blood sugar, energies body, regulates metabolism, reduces information and assists with memory
65
What are the maladaptive functions of cortisol?
suppression of immune system, weight gain, mood disorders/mental health issues, disruption of sleep patterns and reduced muscle mass
66
What are the similarities and differences between observational and operant conditioning?
similarities - active learners and reinforcement differences - direct versus vicarious and learning is seen versus not seen
67
Strength and weakness of within subjects design?
strengths - no participant differences and fewer people needed weaknesses - produces carryover effects, higher dropout rates and 2 data points are lost if dropout occurs
68
Strength and weakness of between subjects design?
strengths - no carryover effects, less time commitment and participants are less likely to guess hypothesis (less bias) weaknesses - more participants, participant differences and less efficient
69
Strength and weakness of mixed subject design?
strengths - balances efficiency with control and less confounding variables and participant differences weaknesses - complex design, increased time and larger sample size required
70
What are carryover effects?
when one condition effects participants behaviour in a later conditions.
71
What should be included in a hypothesis?
IV, DV, population, what they are doing
72
Why is SEWB considered multidimensional and holistic?
multidimensional - 7 areas/dimensions that create a complex approach holistic - considers whole person in all 7 areas when evaluating their social and emotional wellbeing

Psychology 12 (11 decks)

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