Chapter 4

Question 1

What is leanring?

Answer 1

A relatively permanent change in behaviour or acquisition of knowledge/skills as a result of experience

Question 2

What classical conditioning

Answer 2

form of learning that involves repeated association of 2 stimuli creating a response when it shouldn’t naturally occur with one stimulus.

Question 3

What type of learner is involved in the 3 conditioning types?

Answer 3

passive, active, active

Question 4

Is the stimulus before or after in the 2 conditioning types?

Answer 4

before, after

Question 5

What are the 3 stages of classical conditioning?

Answer 5

before, during and after

Question 6

What does the before stage consist of?

Answer 6

NS has no association and doesn’t produce UCR

Question 7

What does the during stage consist of?

Answer 7

NS is repeated paired with UCS to create UCR

Question 8

What does the after stage consist of?

Answer 8

NS becomes CS and is able to produce UCR (now CR) on its own (involuntarily)

Question 9

What is an unconditioned stimulus (UCR)?

Answer 9

stimulus that produces unconscious response (UCR)

Question 10

What is a neutral stimulus (NS)?

Answer 10

stimulus that produces no significant response

Question 11

What is a conditioned response (CR)?

Answer 11

stimulus that produces a conditioned response (CR)

Question 12

What is a unconditioned response (UCR)?

Answer 12

naturally occurring behaviour in response the unconditioned stimulus (UCR)

Question 13

What is a conditioned stimulus (CS)?

Answer 13

stimulus that produces conditioned response (CR) that occurs involuntary

Question 14

What is aquisition?

Answer 14

development of a CR through repeated association between UCS and NS

Question 15

What is extinction?

Answer 15

disappearance of conditioned response

Question 16

What is spontaneous response?

Answer 16

rest period after an extinction in which the CR response reappears

Question 17

What is stimulus generation?

Answer 17

tendency for a stimulus to produce a similar CR

Question 18

What is stimulus discrimination?

Answer 18

CR only effects the one original stimulus

Question 19

What is operant conditioning?

Answer 19

three stage learning process in which the likelihood of a particular behaviour occurring is determined by the consequences of that behaviour

Question 20

What are the four types of consequences in operant conditioning?

Answer 20

positive (addition of stimulus) and negative (removal of stimulus), reinforcement (desirable) and punishment (undesirable)

Question 21

What are the three stages of operant conditioning in order?

Answer 21

antecedent, behaviour and consequence

Question 22

What is the antecedent stage of operant learning?

Answer 22

1st stage, in which the stimulus or event that triggers the behaviour occurs

Question 23

What is the behaviour stage of operant learning?

Answer 23

the voluntary actions that occur in presence of antecedent

Question 24

What is the consequence stage of operant learning?

Answer 24

outcome of behaviour that determines likelihood of reoccurring

Question 25

What the the 3 things that the effectiveness of operant conditioning rely on?

Answer 25

order (correctly ordered -> better) timing (quicker response -> better) appropriateness (better/more appropriate consequence -> better)

Question 26

What is observational learning?

Answer 26

socio-cognitive approach to learning that occurs when an individual's future behaviour is effected by viewing a models's actions and consequences

Question 27

What is the most active type of conditioning?

Answer 27

observational learning

Question 28

What is a socio-cognitive approach to learning?

Answer 28

a learning approach that involves both social setting and cognitive processes

Question 29

What are the 5 stages of observational learning in order?

Answer 29

attention, retention, reproduction, motivation, reinforcement

Question 30

What does the attention stage include?

Answer 30

learner actively watches model

Question 31

What does the retention stage include?

Answer 31

learner stores mental representation of behaviour

Question 32

What does the reproduction stage include?

Answer 32

learner has mental and physical ability to perform ability

Question 33

What does the motivation stage include?

Answer 33

learner has desire to imitate behaviour

Question 34

What does the reinforcement stage include?

Answer 34

learner experiences positive outcome after performing behaviour

Question 35

What are the 2 motivation types?

Answer 35

intrinsic (occurs within individual) and extrinsic (occurs from external factors)

Question 36

What are the 3 reinforcement types?

Answer 36

self (internal factors), external (external factors) and vicarious (observing reinforcement of others)

Question 37

What are the advantages of the ways of learning?

Answer 37

learn about entire topic, community focused, long lasting and proven

Question 38

What are the disadvantages of the ways of learning?

Answer 38

growth mindset is necessary, some oppose inclusion of all content

Question 39

What are the main differences between the ways of learning and observational learning?

Answer 39

model can be fiction, multimodal system, highlights importance of relationships and has strong relations to country