CHAPTER 2 Flashcards
Lesson 2 (22 cards)
can be defined simply as the direction and intensity of one’s effort
Motivation
describes the wants or needs that direct behavior toward a goal.
Motivation
are generated by the sense of personal satisfaction that they bring
Intrinsically-motivated behaviors
are performed in order to receive something from others
Extrinsically-motivated behaviors
refers to whether an individual seeks out, approaches, or is attracted to certain situations.
The direction of effort
refers to how much effort a person puts forth in a particular situation.
Intensity of effort
Three Approaches to Motivation
Trait-Centered View
Situation-Centered View
Interactional View
(also called the participant centered view) contends that motivated behavior is primarily a function of individual characteristics.
Trait-Centered View
contends that motivation level is determined primarily by situation.
Situation-Centered View
The view of motivation most widely endorsed by sport and exercise psychologists today is the participant-by situation
Interactional View
contend that motivation results neither solely from participant factors, such as personality, needs, interests, and goals, nor solely from situational factors, such as a coach’s or teacher’s style or the win–loss record of a team.
“Interactionists”
refers to a person’s efforts to master a task, achieve excellence, overcome obstacles, perform better than others, and take pride in exercising talent (Murray, 1938).
Achievement motivation
is defined as “a disposition to strive for satisfaction when making comparisons with some standard of excellence in the presence of evaluative others” (Martens, 1976, p. 3).
Competitiveness
Four Theories of Achievement Motivation
Need achievement theory
Attribution theory
Achievement goal theory
Competence Motivation Theory
is an interactional view that considers both personal and situational factors as important predictors of behavior
Need achievement theory
focuses on how people explain their successes and failures
Attribution theory
Both psychologists, sport and exercise psychologists have focused on achievement goals as a way of understanding differences in achievement
achievement goal theory
A final theory that has been used to explain differences in achievement behavior, especially in children
Competence Motivation Theory
Achievement motivation and competitiveness are believed to develop in three stages
- Autonomous competence stage
- Social comparison stage
- Integrated stage
In this stage, which is thought to occur before the age of 4 years, children focus on mastering their environment and on self-testing.
Autonomous competence stage
In this stage, which begins at about the age of 5 years, a child focuses on directly comparing his performance with others, unlike what occurs in the autonomous stage with its self-referenced standards.
Social comparison stage
This stage involves both social comparison and autonomous achievement strategies
Integrated stage
