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KIN 267 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

atomic number

A

of protons in an atom

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2
Q

mass number

A

protons + neutrons in an atom

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3
Q

atomic mass

A

average mass of all naturally occurring isotopes

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4
Q

free radicual

A

electrically charged atom/group of atoms with an unpaired electron in its outermost shell

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5
Q

metabolism

A

the sum of all the chemical reactions in the body

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6
Q

exergonic reaction

A

releases energy by breaking bond with more energy than bond formed

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7
Q

endergonic reaction

A

requires that energy be added to form a bond

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8
Q

Synthesis reactions

A

anabolism

A + B ➙ AB

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9
Q

Decomposition reactions

A

catabolism

AB ➙ A + B

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10
Q

Exchange reactions

A

AB + CD ➙ AD + CB

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11
Q

Reversible reactions

A

AC ↔ A + C

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12
Q

mixture

A

combo of elements/compounds that are physically blended together but are not bound by chemical bonds

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13
Q

colloid

A

differs from a solution mainly on basis of size of its particles (large enough to scatter light)

  • insoluble microscopic dispersed phase suspended throughout another substance
  • will not settle (or would take very long time)
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14
Q

suspension

A

heterogenous mixture containing solid particles large enough for sedimentation

  • suspended material may mix with liquid or suspending medium for some time
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15
Q

Isomers

A

have same molecular formula but different structures

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16
Q

sucrose

A

glucose + fructose

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17
Q

lactose

A

glucose + galactose

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18
Q

Carbohydrates

A

provide most chemical energy needed for life

- 2:1 ratio of H to O

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19
Q

Lipids

A

contain C, H & O
few polar covalent bonds
hydrophobic

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20
Q

Lipoproteins

A

proteins + lipids

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21
Q

Fatty acids

A

carboxyl group & hydrocarbon chain
- simplest form of lipids
building blocks of triglycerides & phospholipids

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22
Q

Saturated FAs

A

single covalent bonds between C atoms which are saturated with H atoms

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23
Q

Unsaturated FAs

A

contain 1+ double covalent bonds between C atoms

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24
Q

Triglycerides

A

most plentiful lipids in body

- glycerol & 3 FAs attached by ester linkage

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25
Phospholipids
important membrane components - amphipathic - polar head (phosphate group), glycerol molecule & 2 non polar FA tails
26
Steroids
lipids molecules that have 4 rings of carbon atoms | - based on the lipid cholesterol molecule
27
types of steroids
sex hormones bile salts some vitamins cholesterol
28
Nucleic acids
huge organic molecules composed of monomeric nucleotides - contain C, H, O, N, P - carry genetic info as DNA & RNA - form molecules that contain our genetic code that regulates most activities that take place in our cells
29
Proteins
large molecules that contain C, H, O, N | made up of combos different amino acids
30
primary structure
give the unique sequence of AA
31
secondary structure
repeated twisting & folding
32
tertiary structure
3D shape
33
quaternary structure
arrangement of individual polypeptide chains in proteins containing more than 1
34
nucleotides
basic units of nucleic acids | - nitrogenous base, pentose sugar & phosphate
35
amino acid
C atom with H, carboxyl, amino & R group
36
RNA structure differs from DNA in (3) ways
1) single stranded 2) ribose instead of sugar deoxyribose 3) uracial replaces thymine
37
synthesis of ATP catalyzed by? What does it do?
ATP synthase | - adds terminal high E phosphate bond to ADP
38
hydrolysis of ATP catalyzed by?
ATPase
39
Enzymes
special protein that catalyze (speed up) metabolic reactions in all living cells
40
substrate
substance upon which enzymes has its effect
41
enzymes speed up chemical rxns by.. (3)
1) increasing frequency of collisions 2) lowering activation energy 3) properly orienting colliding molecules
42
Enzymes consist of (2) parts
1) apoenzyme - protein part | 2) cofactor - non-protein part
43
conezymes vs cofactors
coenzyme - organic (contain carbon) | cofactor - metal ion
44
(3) important properties of enzymes
1) highly specific 2) highly efficient 3) subject to a variety of cellular controls
45
energy from 1 glucose is used during both anaerobic & aerobic respiration to create how many ATP?
36-38 ATP molecules
46
5 C sugars used in?
Nucleic acids
47
6 C sugars most easily recognized in?
Our diet
48
5 C sugars
Deoxyribose | Ribose
49
6 C sugars
Glucose Fructose Galactose
50
3 major groups of carbohydrates
Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides
51
How are disaccharides formed?
By combining 2 monosaccharides by removing a water molecule (dehydration synthesis)
52
Principal polysaccharide in human body
Glycogen
53
When blood sugar levels drop...
Liver hydrolyzes glycogen to yield glucose which is released from liver into blood
54
Triglycerides produced through? | Reduced through?
Produced by dehydration synthesis | Reduced by hydrolysis
55
Energy in TAGs vs carbs & proteins
2x as much energy in TAGs
56
Antioxidant
Substances that inactivate oxygen-derived free radicals
57
Chemical bonds
Forces of attraction that hold together atoms of molecule
58
Chemical reactions occur when?
New bonds form and/or old bonds are broken
59
Inorganic compounds
Water, salts, acids, bases Structurally simple -Lack carbon
60
Organic compounds
Always contain carbon | Usually large, complex molecules
61
Dehydration synthesis
Reaction occurring when 2 small molecules combine to form 1 large molecule & water molecule
62
Hydrolysis
To loosen or break apart molecules with addition of water
63
Water has a high heat capacity
Can absorb/release relatively large amount of heat with only modest change in temp - due to large # of H ions in water
64
Absorbed heat energy of water is used to?
Break hydrogen bonds resulting in less E used to speed up H2O molecules
65
Function of carbs
Provide chemical E needed for life Converted to other substances which are used to build structures & generate ATP - food reserve
66
LDL vs HDL
LDL - stick in arteries | HDL - carry cholesterol to liver
67
Dipeptides formed from?
2 as joined by covalent bond (peptide bond)
68
Polypeptide
Chain contains 10-2000 AAs
69
DNA
Remain inside nucleus | Master template of genetic code
70
RNA
Slightly different nucleic acid macromolecule that relays instructions from nucleus to guide assembly of AAs into proteins in cytoplasm
71
Law of Conservation of Energy
total mass of reactants = total mass of products
72
Energy
capacity to do work
73
What is transferred in a chemical reaction?
Energy
74
Kinetic Energy
energy of matter in motion
75
Potential Energy | due to? or?
energy stored in matter | - due to objects position in space OR stored in chemical bonds
76
Hydrogen Bonds
weak interactions between H & adjacent EN atoms
77
Hydrogen bonds result from?
attraction of oppositely charged part of molecules
78
In water, H bonding provides considerable ___ which creates very high ____ ___
cohesion | surface tension
79
Factors that cause collision (& chemical rxn to take place) include? (3)
1) temperature 2) [reactants] 3) presence/absence of catalyst
80
concentration
way of stating amount of molecule in solution
81
percent
relative mass of solute found in 100 ml solution
82
mole
convenient way of counting large #s of small things (atoms/molecules) 6.02 x 10^23

KIN 267 (12 decks)

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