Chapter 4 Flashcards
(109 cards)
1
Q
(4) basic types of tissues
A
1) epithelial
2) connective
3) muscular
4) nervous
2
Q
Epithelial tissues
(4) functions
A
cover body surfaces
form glands
line hollow organs/cavities/duct
3
Q
Connective Tissue (3) functions
A
protect, support & bind organs
4
Q
Types of CT
A
Fat - store energy
RBCs, WBCs, platelets
5
Q
Muscular Tissue
functions (2)
A
- generate physical force for movement
- generate heat
6
Q
Nervous tissue
functions (2)
A
detect changes in body
respond by generating nerve impulses
7
Q
Tissues of the body develop from?
A
(3) primary germ layers
8
Q
(3) primary germ layers
A
1) endoderm
2) mesoderm
3) ectoderm
9
Q
Endoderm develops into?
A
digestive tract, lungs & resp tract, bladder
10
Q
Mesoderm develops into?
A
muscles, bones, cartilage, blood vessels, lymph tissue, part of kidneys & gonads
11
Q
Ectoderm develops into?
A
nervous tissue, outer skin layer, parts of sense organs, mouth, sinuses & teeth
12
Q
What tissues are derived from mesoderm?
A
connective tissue & muscle
13
Q
What tissues develop from ectoderm?
A
nervous tissue
14
Q
Intracellular Junctions
- functions?
A
connect adjacent cells at specific contact points
15
Q
Types of Intracellular Junctions (5)
A
1) tight junctions
2) adherans junctions
3) desmosomes
4) hemidesmosomes
5) gap junctions
16
Q
1) tight junctions
A
leak-proof seal bw cells
epithelial tissue of stomach, intestines & bladder
17
Q
2) adherans junctions
A
make adhesion belt that keeps tissue from seperating as they stretch & contract
Cadherin glycoprotein inserts into belt-like plaque which is attached to microfilaments of cytoskeleton
18
Q
3) desmosomes
A
“spot welds”
- use cadherin
- similar to adherans but plaque attaches to intermediate filaments (keratin) which extend from attachment on 1 side of cell to attachment on another
19
Q
4) hemidesmosomes
A
half-welds that join cells to basement membrane
- look like half a desmosome
20
Q
5) gap junctions
A
membrane proteins (connexions) form tiny fluid‐filled tunnels (connexons) that allow ions to pass between cells
21
Q
Epithelial vs. Connective Tissue
A
Epithelial - more dense, avascular, usually forms layer with underlying & adjacent CT
- high rate of cell division
22
Q
Why does Epithelial tissue usually form surface layer with underlying & adjacent CT
A
CT provides blood supply
23
Q
Why does Epithelial tissue have high rate of cell division?
A
high rate of turnover - constantly shedding/scraping off skin
24
Q
(3) major functions of Epithelium
A
1) selective barrier - limits/assists transfer of substances
2) line surfaces & form barrier
3) secrete mucous, hormones & other substances
25
Epithelium surfaces (3)
1) Apical
2) Lateral
3) Basal
26
Apical Surface
faces surface, cavity, lumen or duct
27
Lateral surface
faces adjacent cells
28
Basal surface
adher to basement membrane (contains basal & reticular lamina)
29
Epithelia named according to?
shape
| arrangement
30
Epithelium named according to shape
squamous
cuboidal
columnar
31
Epithelium named according to arrangement
simple
pseudostratified
stratified
32
squamous
flat, wide, paving stone cells
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cuboidal
cells as tall as they are wide
34
columnar
cells taller than they are wide
35
Simple
one layer of cells all in contact with basement membrane
36
Pseudostratified
all cells contact basement membrane but not all have apical surface
37
Stratified
2+ layers
| only basal layer contacts basement membrane
38
Transitional cells
cells that change shape
39
Connective Tissue
most abundant & widely distributed tissue in body
| - most heterogeneous of tissue groups
40
Connective Tissue functions (5)
1) bind tissues together
2) support & strengthen tissue
3) protect & insulate internal organs
4) compartmentalize & transport
5) energy reserves & immune responses
41
Collagen
main protein in CT & most abundant in body (~25% of total proteins)
42
Connective Tissue characteristics
highly vascular & supplied with many nerves
- sparse cells
- surrounded by ECM
43
CT is highly vascular & supplied with many nerves.
| Exception?
cartilage & tendon
| - little to no blood supply & no nerves
44
Extracellular Matrix
non-cellular material location between & around cells
45
ECM consists of?
protein fibers & ground substance (fluid, semifluid, gelatinous or calcified
46
Importance of the ground substance of the ECM
gives tissues its characteristics - elasticity/flexibility
47
Cells of Connective Tissue (3)
1) fibroblasts
2) chondroblast
3) osteoblast
48
1) fibroblasts
most numerous cell of CT
| - secrete protein fibers (collagen, elastin & reticular) & ground substance
49
2) chondroblast
in cartilage
50
3) osteoblast
in bone
51
cells ending in "blast"
common immature CT cells
52
CT cells secrete?
3 common fibers
53
CT cells secrete (3) common fibers
1) collagen
2) elastin
3) reticular
54
Relationship between "blast" cells & "cyte" cells
immature blast cells differentiate into mature cyte cells after ECM is produced
55
"cyte" cells
cells with reduced capability for cell division
56
(2) major categories of Connective Tissue
1) Embryonic CT
| 2) Mature CT
57
Types of Mature CT (5)
1) loose
2) dense
3) cartilage
4) bone
5) liquid
58
Types of loose CT (3)
1) areolar
2) adipose
3) reticular
59
Areolar CT
| - location, contains & function
loose CT widely distributed in body
- contains several types of cells & all 3 fiber types
- used to attach skin & underlying tissues & as packing between glands/muscles/nerves
60
Adipose CT
| - location & function
loose CT located in subQ layer deep to skin & around organs/joints
- reduces heat loss, serves as padding & energy source
61
Reticular CT
| - function
network of interlacing reticular fibers & cells
| - forms stroma (supporting framework) used by cells of lymphoid tissues such as spleen & lymph nodes
62
types of Dense CT (3)
1) dense irregular
2) dense regular
3) elastic
63
Dense Irregular CT
| - consists of, function
consists mostly of fibroblasts & collagen fibers randomly arranged in sheets
- provides strength when forces pull from many directions
64
Example of Dense Irregular CT
fascia of muscles & joint capsules
65
Dense Regular CT
comprise tendons, ligaments & other strong atttachments where strength along 1 axis is needed
(muscle pulling on bone)
66
Elastic CT
| consists of? function?
consists mostly of fibroblasts & freely branching elastic fibers
- allows stretching of certain tissues like elastic arteries (aorta)
67
Cartilage
tissue with poor blood supply that grows slowly, relatively inactive
- when injured/inflamed, repair is slow
68
Types of Cartilage (3)
1) Hyaline
2) Fibrocartilage
3) Elastic
69
Hyaline cartilage
- most abundant
- covers end of long bones & parts of ribs/nose/trachea/bronchi/larynx
- provides smooth surface for joint movement (weak)
70
Fibrocartilage
very strong tough cartilage with chondrocytes scattered among thick bundles of collagen fibers
- fibrocartilage disks in intervertebral spaces & knee joints support huge loads up/down long axis of body
71
Elastic Cartilage
chondrocytes located in threadlike network of elastic fibers
- make up malleable part of external ear & epiglottis
72
How does Cartilage get repaired?
substances & blood cells required for repair must migrate into cartilage (perichondrium)
73
Growth Of Cartilage - (2) types
1) interstitial - growth from within tissue
| 2) appositional - growth at outer surface of tissue
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Interstitial Growth
chondrocytes rapidly divide & form matrix
| - childhood & adolescence
75
Appositional Growth
cells on inner layer of perichondrium differentiate into chondroblasts & create ECM, causing matrix to deposit on outer surface of cartilage & grow in width
- starts later & continues through adolescence
76
Bone
CT with calcified intracellular matrix
- work with skeletal muscles to provide movement & protection
- store TAGs, red bone marrow & calcium
77
Blood & Lymph
atypical liquid CT
78
Muscle & Nerve Tissues
considered excitable cells because they exhibit electrical excitability
79
electrical excitability
ability to respond to certain stimuli by producing electrical signals such as action potentials
80
Action potentials - what do they do?
propagate (travel) along plasma membrane of neuron/muscle due to presence of specific voltage-gated ion channels
81
Organ
2 tissues combined
82
Epithelial membranes
- simplest organs in body
- constructed of only epithelium & little bit of CT
= epithelium + CT
83
types of epithelial membranes (3)
1) mucous membranes
2) serous membranes
3) cutaneous membrane
84
Mucous membranes
line interior body surfaces open to outside
| - (tight junctions between cells, secrete mucus to hydrate, lubricate & trap particles)
85
Where do you find Mucuous membranes? (3)
1) digestive tract
2) respiratory tract
3) reproductive tract
86
Serous membranes
line some internal surfaces
87
Where can you find Serous membranes? (3)
1) parietal layer next to body wall
2) serous fluid b/w layers
3) visceral layer next to organ
88
Cutaneous Membrane
skin
89
Synovial membrane
not an organ
- enclose certain joints
- are made of connective tissue only (NO epithelium)
90
Epithelial Glands - (2) types
1) endocrine
| 2) exocrine
91
Endocrine Glands
secrete contents directly into interstitial fluid which diffuses directly into blood (no ducts)
92
types of Endocrine glands
pituitary
pineal
para/thryoid
adrenal
93
Exocrine Glands
secrete contents into lumen or duct
| - ducts empty onto covering & lining epithelium
94
types of Exocrine Glands
```
sweat
oil
earwax
digestive (salivary)
pancreas
```
95
Parenchyma
constitute functioning part of tissue/organ
96
Stroma
supporting CT
97
Parenchyma of Heart
cardiac muscle cells
98
Stroma of heart
nerves, intrinsic blood vessels & CT
99
When tissue damage is extensive, return to homeostasis depends on? (2)
active repair of parenchymal cells (if active in repair, tissue regeneration
or stroma (if active, impaired scar tissue will make repair) `
100
Restoration of an injured tissue/organ to normal structure and function depends entirely on?
whether parenchymal cells are active in repair process.
101
If parenchymal cells accomplish repair..
tissue regeneration is possible & near-perfect reconstruction may occur
102
If fibroblasts of stroma are active in repair..
replacement tissue will be new CT
| - fibroblasts synthesize collagen & other ECM material to form scar tissue (fibrosis)
103
Why is the original function of the tissue impaired in scar tissue?
because scar tissue is not specialized to perform functions of parenchymal tissue
104
Tissue Repair - Epithelium
cells continuously renew
105
Tissue Repair - Bone
high rate of renewal bc of ample blood suppy
106
Tissue Repair - - Muscle
poor capacity for renewal bc of slow division of stem cellss
107
Tissue Repair -Cardiac Muscle
no satellite cells & existing cells dont undergo mitosis
| - small # of stem cells may migrate to heart from blood
108
Tissue Repair - Nervous Tissue
very low capacity for repair
109
Aging & Tissues
1) healing rate
2) nutritional state
3) thickness of epithelium
4) CT
1) faster in young adults - surgery leaves no scars on fetus
2) better nutritional state, blood supply & higher metabolic rate in young tissues
3) thinner as you age
4) more fragile as you age
