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KIN 267 > Chapter 21 > Flashcards

Chapter 21 Flashcards

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1
Q

Blood Vessel Types

A

Arteries

  • large elastic
  • medium muscular
  • arterioles

Capillaries

Veins

  • venules
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2
Q

Blood Reservoir

A

Systemic veins & venules

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3
Q

Arteries

A

carry blood away from heart

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4
Q

Veins

A

carry blood **toward **heart

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5
Q

Largest arteries

A

**conducting arteries (elastic arteries) **

  • wall are thin compared to overall size
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6
Q

Elastic Arteries

  • function?
A

storing mech E during ventricular systole & then transmitting E to keep blood moving after aortic & pulmonary valves

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7
Q

Muscular (distributing) arteries

A

more smooth muscle in tunica media

  • help maintain **vascular tone **to ensure efficient blood flow to distal tissue beds
  • ***brachial & radial **artery *
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8
Q

Anastomosis

A

union of vessels supplying blood to same body tissue

*should vessel be occluded, **vascular anastomosis **provides **collateral circulation **(alternative route) for blood to reach tissue *

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9
Q

Arterioles

A

deliver blood to capillaries

have greatest collective influence on local blood flow & overall BP

  • **primary adjustable nozzles **across which greatest drop in pressure occurs
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10
Q

Capillaries

A

only site in entire **vasculature **where **gases/water/nutrients **are exchanged

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11
Q

Venule/vein walls vs. artery walls

A

thinner walls

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12
Q

Veins

A

thinner walls, less muscle & elastic tissue, designed to operate at **lower pressure **

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13
Q

Intravenous pressure in venules vs. arterioles

A

intrav P in venules = less than half (16 mmHg) of intrav P in arterioles (**35 mmHg) **

**- **drops to just **1-2 mmHg **in some larger veins

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14
Q

Bc intravenous pressure is **so low, **how does blood keep flowing in one direction?

A

**valves **

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15
Q

What happens when veins are exposed to higher than normal pressure?

A

can become incompetant (varicose veins)

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16
Q

What determines how much fluid leaves arterial end of **capillary **& how much is **reabsorbed **at **venous end **

A

**hydrostatic & osmotic forces **at capillaries

(Starling Forces)

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17
Q

filtration

A

movement of fluid through walls of capillary into interstitial fluid

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18
Q

Reabsorption

A

movement of fluid from interstitial fluid **back into capillary **

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19
Q

Substances enter & leave capillaries by **(3) **basic mechanisms

A

diffusion

transcytosis

bulk flow

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20
Q

Bulk Flow

A

passive process in which **large numbers **of ions/molecules/particles in fluid move together in same direction

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21
Q

(2) pressure promote **filtration **

A

Blood hydrostatic pressure **(BHP) **

Interstitial fluid osmotic pressure **(IFOP) **

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22
Q

Blood hydrostatic pressure (BHP)

A

generated by **pumpinh action of heart **

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23
Q

Interstitial fluid osmotic pressure (IFOP)

A

constant at about 1 mmHg

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24
Q

(2) pressures promote **reabsorption **

A

blood colloid osmotic pressure **(BCOP) **

interstitial fluid** **hydrostatic pressure **(IFHP) **

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25
blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP)
force caused by colloidal suspension of large proteins in plasma (averages **26 mmHg**)
26
Interstitial fluid osmotic pressure (IFOP)
pulls fluid out of capillaries into interstitial fluid - very small (**.1-5 mmHg**)
27
Pushing Forces
Hydrostatic Pressure
28
Pulling forces
Osmotic pressure
29
Net filtration pressure **(NFP) ** - indicates? - calculation?
indicates **direction of fluid movemnet ** **NFP = **(**BHP + IFOP**) - (**BCOP + IFHP**) = (**35+1**) - (**26 + 0**) = **10 mmHg **(arterial end) = (**16+1**) - (**26-0**) = **-9mmHg **(venous end) = (filtration pressures - reabsorption pressures)
30
Values of : a) **BHP** b) **IFOP ** c) **BCOP** d) **IFHP **
a) **35 mmHg **(arterial end), **16 mmHg **(venous end) b) **1 mmHg **(0.1-5 mmHg) c) **26 mmHg ** d) **0 mmHg **
31
positive vs. negative value of **NFP **
positive = **net outward pressure **(**filtration**) negative = **net inward pressure **(**reabsorption**)
32
Normally, there is nearly as much fluid ___ as there is \_\_\_
reabsorbed filtered
33
ON AVERAGE, \_\_% of fluid **filtered **is **reabsorbed?**
**85%**
34
What happens to fluid that is **not reabsorbed?**
enters **lymphatic vessels **to be eventually returned to blood
35
In contrast to **bulk flow of fluids at capillaries, **exchange of gases & small particles is..
purely **passive diffusion **process
36
Venous return
*volume of blood returning through veins to **RA **must be same amount of blood pumped into arteries from **LV *** **volume of blood flowing back to heart through systemic veins**
37
Besides pressure, venous return is aided by? (3)
presence of **venous valves** skeletal muscle pump action of breathing
38
Skeletal muscle pump
uses action of muscles to milk blood in one direction (**due to valves**)
39
**Respiratory pump**
uses negative pressures in **thoracic & abdominal cavities **generated durnig inspiration to pull venous blood toward heart
40
Blood pressure
measure of **force **exerted in lumen of blood vessels
41
Blood flow
amount of blood actually reaching end organs
42
Resistance
sum of many factors which oppose flow of blood ## Footnote *increased Systemic vascular resistance (**SVR**) * by **increased**: # of RBCs (**polycthemia**), body size, blood viscosity, total BV length by **decreased**: BV radius (**vasoconstriction**)
43
Cardiovascular homeostasis is mainly dependant on?
blood flow
44
Why do we check **blood pressure **rather than **blood flow**, even though **cardiovascular homeostasis **is mainly dependant on **blood flow?**
easier to measure related to blood flow
45
Relationship between **blood flow, blood pressure & peripheral resistance**
follows **Ohm's law** ## Footnote **BP = Flow x Resistance** *flow = CO *
46
To meet physiological demands, we can **increased **blood flow by?
**increasing BP ** **decreasing systemic vascular resistance (SVR) **
47
Vascular resistance depends on (3)
1) size of lumen **(1 / radius/diameter4)** 2) blood viscosity (proportional) 3) total bv length R proportional to (**viscosity x length)/(r4)**
48
Which factors affecing **resistance **are unchangeable?
viscosity total bv length - **diameter **is adjustable
49
hardening of arteries
loss of **elasticity ** seriously obstructs body's ability to **increase blood flow **to meet metabolic demands
50
Autoregulation
**ability** of tissue to **automatically adjust** its **blood flow** to **match its metabolic demands**
51
Autoregulation **controlled through?**
negative feedback loops - vascular system senses changes in **BP & blood flow** - signals CV centers in brain - **arterioles & precap sphincters of metarterioles **adjust reistance at specific tissue beds
52
(2) types of **stimuli **causing autoregulatory changes in blood flow
1) **physical changes - **warming (vasod), cooling (vasoc) - **myogenic response: **contracts more forcefully when stretches & relaxes when stretching lessens 2) **vasod/vasoc chemicals **
53
During emergencies, ANS will **vasodilate? vasoconstrict?**
**vasodilate - **precap sphincters of metarterioles in skeleteal muscles, lungs, brain **constrict - **precap sphincters in skin, GI tract & kidneys *- **sends majority of CO (blood flow) to organs important in**flight-or-flight response **while vasoconstricting **non-essential organs ***
54
(**autoregulation**) NS regulates BP via **negative feedback loops **that occur as (2) types of reflexes
1) baroreceptor 2) chemoreceptor
55
(2) of most important control points for **blood pressure regulation **
**baroreceptors **in **arch of aorta & carotid sinus ** ## Footnote *also in kidney & walls of heart*
56
(2) important **baroreceptor reflexes**
carotid sinus reflex aortic reflex
57
carotid sinus reflex
baroreceptors in wall of carotid sinuses initiate this helps regulate BP in brain
58
aortic reflex
baroreceptors in wall of **ascending aorta & arch of aorta ** helps regulate **systemic BP **
59
When BP falls, baroreceptors?
stretched less → send AP at slower rate to CV → decreases parasymp stimulation & increases symp stimulation *baroreceptors stretched less & input sensed by CV whcih respond with decreased para & increased symp stimulation *
60
Chemoreceptors reflexes detect changes in? (3) →stimulate...
**chemoreceptors **(sensory receptors that monitor **chemical composition **of blood) detect changes in blood O2/CO2/H+ level (**hypoxia, acidosis **or **hypercapnia **stimulates chemoreceptors to send impulses to CV → increases symp stimulation to arterioles & veins →vasoconstriction →increase in BP - also provide input tp respiratory center in brain stem to adjust breathing rate
61
Renin-angiotensin aldosterone (**RAA**) system
important endocrine component of **autoregulation ** when blood volume/flow (to kidneys) **decreases **→**renin **secreted by kidneys into bloodstream → renin & ACE produce **angiotension II **→ raises BP in **2 ways**
62
How does **angiotensin II **raise BP? (2)
blood volume/flow decreases → **renin & ACE **→ produce **angiotensin II ** 1) stimulates **aldosterone **secretion (from adrenal glands) → **increases reabsorption** of Na+ & water by kidneys (**increases** blood volume which **increases** BP) 2) **vasoconstrictor - **raises BP by increasing **SVR **
63
Several hormones help regulate **BP & blood flow **by altering CO, changing SVR or adjusting total blood volume (3)
1) **Renin-Angiotensin-aldosterone (RAA) system** 2) **epinephrine & norepinephrine** 3) **anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) **
64
**Epinephrine & norephinephrine **- role in BP regulation (**autoregulation**)
released from **adrenal medulla **as autocrine autoregulatory response to **sympathetic stimulation ** → **increase CO **by increasind rate/force of heart contraction →also cause **vasoconstriction **which increases BP
65
**Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) **
produced by **hypothalamus ** released by **posterior pituitary **in reponse to **dehydration or decreased blood volume ** - **vasoconstriction** **- **promotes movement of H2O from kidneys to **bloodstream **(**increases blood volume & decreases urine output**)
66

KIN 267 (12 decks)

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