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Abnormal Psychology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q 
The gray matter in the brain is made up of
\:	fissures.
	sulci.
	meninges.
	  neurons.
A

neurons.

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2
Q 
The carriers of the genetic information passed from parent to child are called
	nature.
	  genes.
	DNA.
	zygotes.
A

genes.

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3
Q 
The major connection between the two hemispheres in the brain is called
\:	gray matter.
	the parietal lobe.
	the brain stem.
	  the corpus callosum.
A

the corpus callosum.

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4
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ not only interact with neurons, but they also help to control how neurons work.
\:	DNA strands
	Genes
	  Glial cells
	Agonists
A

Glial cells

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5
Q 
One's observable characteristics are called
\:	genotypes.
	genetic types.
	  phenotypes.
	fistulas.
A

phenotypes.

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6
Q

Why do women have poorer health in general than men?
: Women live longer than men.
Women are more likely to be diagnosed with a mental disorder than men.
Women are exposed to more stress than men.
All of the above.

A

All of the above.

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7
Q

The fields of behavioral medicine and health psychology focus on the impact of __________ on health.
gender
socioeconomic status
ethnicity
all of these are considered by behavioral medicine and health psychologists

A

all of these are considered by behavioral medicine and health psychologists

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8
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the idea that a person can, without being aware of it, be influenced by prior learning.
	Complicit memory
	Subconscious learning
	Conscious remembrance
	  Implicit memory
A

Implicit memory

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9
Q

Turkheimer and colleagues’ study of IQ showed that
: linkage analysis is a sound research method.
heritability for IQ is high.
heritability depends upon the environment.
achievement is highly heritable regardless of environment.

A

heritability depends upon the environment.

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10
Q

The study of the pups born to high LG-ABN mothers or low LG-ABN mothers and raised by high LG-ABN mothers or low LG-ABN mothers provided support for the idea that
environments do not play as important a role as genetics.
environments influence the expression of genes in psychopathology.
adoption studies are a useful method for understanding genetic markers.
LG-ABN behaviors in mothers are not related to the expression of certain genes in pups.

A

environments influence the expression of genes in psychopathology.

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11
Q 
A difference in DNA sequence that occurs in a population is called
	an allele.
	a phenotype.
	  a polymorphism.
	a genotype.
A

a polymorphism

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12
Q

Psychopathology is polygenic, meaning that
there are several different genes operating at different times during development that influence vulnerability.
if a person had a gene for a given disorder, he or she would most likely get that disorder.
there are several different paradigms to explain abnormal behavior.
the human genome consists of around 30,000 genes.

A

there are several different genes operating at different times during development that influence vulnerability.

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13
Q

Which of the following would be considered an implication of the neuroscience paradigm?
Changing one’s schema by identifying false cognitions.
Using an antidepressant to inhibit the uptake of serotonin.
Studying gene-environment interactions to better understand how depression runs in families.
Studying the heritability of schizophrenia.

A

Using an antidepressant to inhibit the uptake of serotonin

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14
Q 
What makes us unique is the
	number of genes we have.
	the number of genes we inherit.
	the amount of DNA we inherit.
	  the sequencing of our genes.
A

the sequencing of our genes.

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15
Q 
The clinical case about Clare was included in the chapter on Current Paradigms in Psychopathology to illustrate the principle of
	group therapy
	rational-emotive therapy
	couples therapy
	  family-focused therapy
A

family-focused therapy

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16
Q

Which of the following statements is false?
: Heritability is a population statistic ranging from 0.0 to 1.0.
Heritability is the extent to which variability in a particular behavior in a population can be accounted for by environmental factors.
Heritability is a measure of what varies in a population.
The higher the heritability statistic, the more a particular behavior can be accounted for by genetic factors.

A

Heritability is the extent to which variability in a particular behavior in a population can be accounted for by environmental factors.

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17
Q

“Knockout studies”
: are used to learn about mating behaviors in mice.
manipulate specific genes and observe the effects on behavior by “removing” certain genes from mice DNA.
are used to gain a better understanding of DNA sequences.
manipulate specific genes by inserting artificial hormones into mice DNA.

A

manipulate specific genes and observe the effects on behavior by “removing” certain genes from mice DNA

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18
Q 
The cerebellum is crucial for
	speech
	sight
	hearing
	  balance
A

balance

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19
Q

According to behavior genetics research,
shared experiences have much more to do with mental illness than nonshared experiences.
nonshared experiences have much more to do with mental illness than shared experiences.
there is no way to differentiate between shared and nonshared contributions to mental illness.
shared and nonshared experiences are equally important for mental illness.

A

nonshared experiences have much more to do with mental illness than shared experiences.

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20
Q

If the heritability of ADHD is around .70, then
: 70% of ADHD is due to environment and 30% is attributed to genes.
30% of ADHD is due to genes and 70% is attributed to variations in our brain.
individual heritability for ADHD is .70 and has little to do with our parents.
in a given population, approximately 70% of variation in ADHD is attributed to genes and approximately 30% is attributed to the environment.

A

in a given population, approximately 70% of variation in ADHD is attributed to genes and approximately 30% is attributed to the environment.

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21
Q

The diathesis-stress paradigm emphasizes that psychopathology results from
predisposition and environmental disturbances.
predisposition and the unconscious.
physiology and biochemistry.
attachment and gestalt problems.

A

predisposition and environmental disturbances.

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22
Q

Ted is a “workaholic”: he works 15 hours a day and never has time to spend with his family or on things he enjoys. Which of the following is a cognitive explanation of Ted’s behavior?
: Ted lacks the assertiveness to stand up to his boss’s demands.
Ted is imitating the behavior of his hard-working father.
Ted believes he can be a good person only if he excels in everything he does.
Ted is actually afraid of getting close to others.

A

Ted believes he can be a good person only if he excels in everything he does.

23
Q 
One's inherited genes are referred to as
	somatotypes.
	  genotypes.
	phenotypes.
	allele types.
A

genotypes.

24
Q

Which of the following statements is true?
Starting in early adulthood, synaptic connections begin to be eliminated.
Connections in the brain become greater as an individual moves through adulthood.
Brain development begins in the second trimester.
All of the above.

A

Starting in early adulthood, synaptic connections begin to be eliminated.

25
Q

The thalamus is the part of the brain which
recognizes spatial relations.
relays sensory pathways for hearing and vision.
controls movement.
regulates body temperature and blood pressure.

A

relays sensory pathways for hearing and vision.

26
Q 
The part of your brain closest to your ears that deals with sound discrimination is the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ lobe.
	occipital
	  temporal
	frontal
	parietal
A

temporal

27
Q 
Studies of psychopathology among different cultures and ethnicities have shown that eating disorders are more common among \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, while schizophrenia is more common among \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. 
Caucasians; African-Americans
	African-Americans; Caucasians
	African-Americans; Hispanics
	Hispanics; Caucasians
A

Caucasians; African-Americans

28
Q 
After the first day of class, Jack (who is always an optimist) decides the class will be fun while Jan (who struggles over grades) decides the class will be hard. Their different reactions illustrate the role of their
cognitive set.
	previous exposures.
	childhood experiences.
	non-shared environment.
A

cognitive set.

29
Q

The neuroscience paradigm
: suggests that dopamine is linked to most types of psychopathology.
asserts that mental disorders are linked to environmental disturbances.
asserts that mental disorders are linked to aberrant processes in the brain.
suggests that genes are responsible for most types of psychopathology.

A

asserts that mental disorders are linked to aberrant processes in the brain.

30
Q 
Most therapists today conceptualize a clinical case using
\:	no paradigms
	one paradigm
	two primary paradigms
	  multiple paradigms
A

multiple paradigms

31
Q

The difference between emotions and moods is that
emotions are long-lived experiences, while moods tend to be short-lasting.
emotions have been linked to psychological disorders, while moods have not.
emotions involve feelings, while moods involve behaviors.
emotions are fairly short-lived states, while moods tend to last for longer periods of time.

A

emotions are fairly short-lived states, while moods tend to last for longer periods of time.

32
Q 
Transcription factors recognize
	recorders.
	responders.
	  promoters.
	influencers
A

promoters.

33
Q 
The Stroop task was originally developed for researchers to study
\:	emotion.
	the role of neurotransmitters.
	  attention.
	Alzheimer's Disease.
A

attention.

34
Q

When discussing heritability, it is important to keep in mind all of the following EXCEPT:
heritability estimates range from 0.0 to 1.0.
the higher the heritability value, the greater the heritability.
heritability is relevant for a particular individual.
heritability is relevant for large populations.

A

heritability is relevant for a particular individual.

35
Q 
A set of basic assumptions that defines how to conceptualize and study a subject, how to gather and interpret relevant data, even how to think about a particular subject is known as a
	theoretical perspective.
	hypothetical stance.
	  paradigm.
	none of the above.
A

paradigm.

36
Q 
Which of the following mechanisms adjust the sensitivity of postsynaptic receptors to dopamine, norepinephrine, or serotonin?
	nerve impulses
	neurotransmitters
	antagonists
	  second messengers
A

second messengers

37
Q

Paradigms in the study of psychopathology
: increase confidence in our conclusions regarding mental illness.
slow innovation.
increase objectivity.
enable us to gather knowledge in a systematic manner.

A

enable us to gather knowledge in a systematic manner.

38
Q 
The goal of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is to reduce the relationship stress and improve communication. 
couples therapy
	individual therapy
	triad therapy
	none of the above
A

couples therapy

39
Q 
Helping a person engage in tasks that provide an opportunity for positive reinforcement is called
\:	operant learning
	observational learning
	classical learning
	  behavioral activation therapy
A

behavioral activation therapy

40
Q

According to the neuroscience paradigm, mental disorders are likely the result of
an abundance of receptors on the postsynaptic neuron.
excesses of different neurotransmitters, such as dopamine.
deficiencies in different neurotransmitters, such as serotonin.
all of the above.

A

all of the above.

41
Q

Cultural and ethnic studies of psychopathology conducted around the world indicate that
: all disorders in the DSM-5 can be identified in every culture studied.
treatments are universally effective for all disorders.
most disorders are only prevalent in the United States.
a number of disorders are indeed observed in diverse parts of the world.

A

a number of disorders are indeed observed in diverse parts of the world.

42
Q 
Different forms of the same gene are called			:	  
alleles.
	chromosomes.
	polymorphisms.
	genotypes.
A

alleles.

43
Q

A reciprocal gene-environment interaction
: involves how adopted children take on the characteristics of their adopted parents.
involves the idea that genes may predispose individuals to seek out certain environments.
is a useful research method in adoption studies.
suggests that individuals who spend a lot of time in bars are more likely to develop alcohol dependence than those who do not frequent bars.

A

involves the idea that genes may predispose individuals to seek out certain environments.

44
Q

Which of the following statements is FALSE?
Reductionism refers to the view that whatever is being studied can and should be reduced to its more basic elements.
Most neurobiological interventions have not been derived from knowledge of what causes a given disorder.
A person could hold a neuroscientific view about the nature of a psychological disorder, yet still recommend psychological intervention.
In recent decades, neuroscience research on causes and treatment of psychopathology has been proceeding quite slowly.

A

In recent decades, neuroscience research on causes and treatment of psychopathology has been proceeding quite slowly.

45
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ grew out of object relations theory.
	Subjective self-theory
	Subject relations theory
	Differentiation theory
	  Attachment theory
A

Attachment theory

46
Q

Which of the following is responsible for the relationship between low SES and poor mental and physical health?
: Environmental factor reinforce poor health behaviors.
Limited access to health services.
Greater exposure to stress.
All of the above.

A

All of the above.

47
Q

When studying the role of emotions in different mental disorders, it is important to consider
how sad the person is.
cardiovascular responses to stress.
which emotions have the largest effect on mood.
which components of emotion are affected.

A

which components of emotion are affected.

48
Q 
The first goal of family-focused treatment is to
	generate potential solutions.
	  provide psychoeducation.
	symptom management.
	choose one problem to address.
A

provide psychoeducation.

49
Q

The primary argument against reductionism is that
certain phenomena may only emerge at specific levels of analysis.
using multiple levels of analysis makes understanding needlessly complex.
theoretical biases make it difficult to adjust levels of analysis.
it is impossible to identify the best level of analysis for some phenomena.

A

certain phenomena may only emerge at specific levels of analysis.

50
Q 
After the first day of class, Jack (who is always an optimist) decides the class will be fun while Jan (who struggles over grades) decides the class will be hard. Their different reactions illustrate the role of their
\:	childhood experiences.
	  cognitive set.
	previous exposures.
	non-shared environment.
A

cognitive set.

51
Q 
Interpersonal therapy emphasizes the importance of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and how problems in these relationships contribute to psychological symptoms.
\:	past relationships
	  current relationships
	future relationships
	both a and b
A

current relationships

52
Q

Psychopathology is polygenic, meaning that
: the human genome consists of around 30,000 genes.
if a person had a gene for a given disorder, he or she would most likely get that disorder.
there are several different paradigms to explain abnormal behavior.
there are several different genes operating at different times during development that influence vulnerability.

A

there are several different genes operating at different times during development that influence vulnerability.

53
Q 
Jane is afraid of elevators. Her psychologist, Dr. Schwartz, teaches her how to relax deeply. Then Dr. Schwartz helps her develop a list of situations with elevators that vary in how frightening or anxiety- producing they are. Finally, while relaxed, Jane imagines the series of situations with elevators. Eventually Jane is able to tolerate imagining increasingly more difficult situations in elevators such as riding an elevator alone for 100 floors. By the end of the 16th therapy session, Jane states that her fear of elevators has disappeared. Dr. Schwartz used
\:	token economy.
	brief psychodynamic therapy.
	  systematic desensitization.
	ego analysis.
A

systematic desensitization.

Abnormal Psychology (10 decks)

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